Ang'onoang'ono anthu. Maphunziro a anthu ang'onoang'ono

anthu ang'onoang'ono ankaona pafupifupi konsekonse boma kwa Europe ndi ku Asia. Ambiri mwa anthu okhala izo, akumana ndi kachitidwe. Kenako, tione, ndi anthu ang'onoang'ono.

mbali

Ngakhale kuti kusintha mu ubale pakati pa ogula ndi sewerolo, yotsirizira anakhalabe mu kudalira Mtheradi wa choyamba. Ang'onoang'ono kapolo anthu inachokera pa njira inayake yochitira malonda. Direct sewerolo anali ndi munda wake. Komabe, iye anatsalira mu kudalira ngati kapolo. Kukakamiza m'kukoma lendi. Akhoza akuimira mu mawonekedwe a corvee (ntchito bolodi), mangawa (mankhwala) kapena m'kukoma ndalama. Kukula za lendi unakhazikika. Izi anapereka wopanga mwachindunji ufulu zina khalidwe la ntchito yawo. Awa ndi maonekedwe a anthu ang'onoang'ono anali makamaka kutchulidwa pa kusintha kwa malipiro ndalama mokakamizidwa. Pankhaniyi, mlimi ndi ufulu kusonyeza luso kukagulitsa malonda awo.

Zizindikiro za anthu ang'onoang'ono

Tingasiyanitsire makhalidwe a anthu amenewa:

• ndi predominance ya ulimi ang'onoang'ono;
• osakaniza ang'onoang'ono ulamuliro wamba dziko ndi lalikulu ang'onoang'ono ulamuliro dziko;
• kudalira lenileni la alimi mwachindunji. Extraeconomic ntchito yaukapolo ndi kugawa mankhwala;
• chizolowezi ndi chakale zamakono;
• pamaso ubale lendi (malipiro mokakamizidwa anapangidwa ntchito m'dziko).

Komabe, panali noticeable mosabisa maonekedwe a anthu ang'onoang'ono:

• ulamuliro wa mfundo achipembedzo (mu nthawi ino mbiriyakale ya mpingo anaimba udindo wapadera);
• anthu ang'onoang'ono ali ndi chitukuko lonse mabungwe kampani;
• Kapangidwe masanjidwe ;
• panali minda ya anthu ang'onoang'ono.

Lachitsanzo tingachipeze powerenga

bwino kwambiri anthu ang'onoang'ono anayamba kupanga mu France. Komabe, dongosolo salinso ntchito ndi boma, osati kapangidwe chuma dziko. Koma zinali mu France kwambiri bwino chimatanthauza gulu la anthu ang'onoang'ono. Iwo anali kuperekedwa monga m'manja mwa masitepe. tanthauzo lake zachuma anamangidwa kusokonekera kwa malipiro pakati pa zigawo a kalasi ulamuliro yaukapolo. Mwa dongosolo la m'manja suzerain anasonkhanitsa asilikali pa ndalama zake. Kuteteza malire ndi ankaimira zoona, chipangizo cha kukakamiza si chuma Amaya. Chotero dongosolo, amene panali anthu ang'onoang'ono, anapereka zambiri ngozi. Chifukwa, France wakhala nsanja nkhondo dziko ndi boma. Kwambiri m'dzikoli kuvutika ndi nkhondo ndi England 14-15 TH zaka. Komabe, nkhondo izi zachititsa kuti mathamangitsidwe wa kumasulidwa kwa amphawi ku wodalira. Ichi chinali chifukwa chakuti asilikali a mfumu atha. Resource kwa atolankhani aganyu asilikali ndi zida zankhondo, izo zikanakhoza kukhala mfulu wamba. Ngakhale kumayambiriro kulandidwa, mmene chuma chikuyendera anthu yozungulira sikuti bwino kuyambira misonkho malipiro chiwombolo m'malo nyumba ang'onoang'ono.

ulimi specialization

Tikumbukenso kuti pofika m'ma 14, France lidagawikana amangosankha m'zigawo zingapo. Mwachitsanzo, chapakati ndi chakumpoto m'madera ankaona waukulu zimakhala zazikulu, kum'mwera - vinyo m'munsi. Pa nthawi yomweyo anayamba kusonyeza ukulu wa limodzi mwa madera mawu a zachuma. Makamaka, ku Northern France amanena dongosolo atatu munda.

Features chitukuko cha chuma cha England

anthu ang'onoang'ono a dziko lino anali kusiyana kwa dongosolo French. Mu England, ndi centralization oyang'anira anali kutchulidwa. Ichi chinali chifukwa ang'onoang'ono anagonjetsa dziko mu 1066. kalembera ambiri kunachitidwa. Izo zimasonyeza kuti kapangidwe ang'onoang'ono a anthu ndi minda nthawi imene inamangidwa. Komabe, mosiyana ndi French, eni English anali atumiki a mfumu mwachindunji. Mbali zina, amene ali English anthu ang'onoang'ono, adza kwa maziko njira zamakono Manor lapansi. The yabwino chilengedwe m'mphepete mwa nyanja chinachititsa kuti yogwira kuswana nkhosa ndi kupanga ubweya yaiwisi. Yotsirizira ndi nkhani ya kufunika yaikulu Ulaya. Sale wa nkhosa, amene anali ikuchitika osati ambuye ang'onoang'ono, komanso osawuka, serfs anathandiza ntchito m'malo - ntchito malipiro, ndipo zopereka zachilengedwe - rents mawu ndalama (kusinthitsa).

Mfundo monyang'ama

Mu 1381 ndi kugalukira otchuka kutsogoleredwa ndi Wat Tyler. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, panali pafupifupi kusinthitsa, ndipo pambuyo chiwombolo cha zopereka ang'onoang'ono ndi osawuka zawo. Pafupifupi anthu onse yozungulira akhala panokha ufulu m'ma 15. Iwo agawidwa m'magulu awiri: ulemu ndiponso freeholders. Woyamba analipira lendi kwa magawo, ndi yamasika ankatengedwa mwamtheradi mfulu ogwirizira a dziko. Choncho anapanga olemekezeka - latsopano otchuka - amene anatsogolera ntchito zachuma yekha pa ntchito yolipidwa.

Development a dongosolo mu Germany

chinapangidwa pasanafike mu France ndi England mu dziko lino, kapangidwe ka anthu ang'onoang'ono. chakuti zinthu zina Germany anadukana mzake, pankhani imeneyi, boma limodzi sunayambe. Ofunika anali nsagwada za mayiko Asilavo German ambuye ang'onoang'ono. Izi zinathandiza kuti ndi increment kwambiri dera la mbewu. Patapita nthawi, anayamba kukhala mkati Kupititsa kulamulira wamba m'madera kum'mawa kwa Elbe. Iwo anapatsidwa chithandizo mokondera, ndi kudalira kochepa pa ambuye ang'onoang'ono. Komabe, mu eni 15 m'ma zigawo za kum'mawa Germany, anapindula katundu wa phoso England ndi Holland mwa madoko Baltic ndi zomwe zagwiridwa ukapolo mtheradi mwayi wamba. eni analenga ndi kulima yaikulu, natisunthitsa iwo serfdom. Mawu akuti "dziko kupitirira Elbe" kwafika kusonyeza chitukuko cha feudalism mochedwa.

Features a dongosolo chitukuko Japan

Chuma cha dziko anali nako kusiyana kwa Europe. Choyamba, mu Japan panali minda palibe mbuye. Choncho, panalibe serfdom, kapena serfdom. Kachiwiri, chuma cha Japan anachita mkati alipo kwa zaka za kugawikana ang'onoang'ono. M'dziko lolamuliridwa ndi minda kakang'ono wamba, zochokera cholowa cha dziko. Iye, iwonso, ali m'manja mwa ambuye ang'onoang'ono. Monga rents anaonekera mangawa zachilengedwe mu mawonekedwe a mpunga. Chifukwa cha kugawikana ang'onoang'ono anapanga zambiri maukulu. Pamene anafika asilikali servicemen, imene inali Ankhondo asilikaliwo. Monga malipiro a asilikali utumiki wokonzedwera kwa Atsogoleri Akuimira Ndani mpunga chakudya. wotchuka awo sanali asilikaliwo. Ndipo m'mizinda Japanese, imene pakhala unit ang'onoang'ono, komanso mu Europe. Amisiri anali ogwirizana mu shopu, amalonda - mu munalidi gulu la. M'malo malonda ofooka anayamba kupanga. Chosowa msika limodzi chifukwa ang'onoang'ono kugawikana. Japan chinatsekedwa kwa alendo. Manufactory mu dziko ndi mu Chiyambi chake.

Features a dongosolo wagawo ku Russia

Makalasi a anthu ang'onoang'ono inakhazikitsidwa ndi mochedwa poyerekeza ndi mayiko ena. M'zaka 15 panali asilikali servicemen. Wake anali nzika (olemekezeka). Iwo anali eni minda ndi ndalama zawo chilimwe chilichonse anapita ku utumiki pangozi. Mwa yophukira apite kunyumba. Kulanda ndi zigawo anatengedwa kuchokera mwana wamwamuna ndi cholowa. Malinga ndi Council Code cha 1649, anthu wamba anali kalekale zaikidwa ndi zinthu za gawolo komwe ankakhala, kukhala serfs. Ku Ulaya, ndi nthawi yambiri ya m'gulu limeneli anali mfulu. Monga ntchito anachita ntchito lendi. M'zaka za m'ma 17 Barshchina akafuna masiku 4 pa mlungu. Ndi theka lachiwiri la m'ma 16 mapangidwe misika ikuluikulu dera, ndi centenary 17 ubale malonda ndapeza mtundu wonsewo. Mu kumpoto cha kumadzulo boma inasandulika chilikati cha Novgorod. Iye anali ndi mabwalo lolemera, amene anali kulamulidwa ndi makalasi Olemera a anthu ang'onoang'ono. oimira awa, makamaka, monga amalonda ndi nzika (olemekezeka). Mtokoma wa anthu Novgorod inkakhala "wakuda wowerengeka" - osema. Pakati pa misika zofunika kwambiri ziweto pa nthawi imeneyo ndi kupereka Yaroslavl, Vologda, Kazan. The likulu la zamalonda ku dziko lonse ndi Moscow. Atha ubweya, silika, mankhwala ubweya, katundu zitsulo, buledi, nyama yankhumba ndi kamba zina ndi katundu zoweta.

ngongole chitukuko

ulimi ang'onoang'ono anali mawonekedwe chachikulu cha malonda. Izi ankasiyana oyambirira anthu ang'onoang'ono. kupanga Capitalist anayamba kutuluka pa maziko a yosavuta co-opareshoni, ndiyeno fakitale. kukonza ndi zolowa yosavuta Anayamba kutanganidwa ndalama. Ndalama zimenezi zimakhudzidwa kayendedwe ka phindu ndi likulu ogulitsa. mabanki anayamba kutuluka. Poyamba iwo anali ndi sitolo ya ndalama. Akutukuka ndalama kusintha malonda. M'zaka za m'ma 18, anayamba kufalitsa malipiro wotuluka ogulitsa. Chifukwa zosowa kuchuluka kwa ndalama boma anapanga.

Mugone msika

Pa chitukuko cha malonda achilendo ndi zoweta zimadalira kukula m'tawuni pa gawo West European. Iwo anapanga makamaka msika m'deralo. Pali zinachitikadi kuuzana zinthu za amisiri m'matauni ndi m'midzi. Mu 14-15 zaka TH, anayamba kupanga msika limodzi. Achita ngati malo chuma limati ang'onoang'ono. Pakati yaikulu onani London ndi Paris. The malonda mkati anali underdeveloped ndithu. Ichi chinali chifukwa cha khalidwe chilengedwe cha chuma. Komanso chitukuko cha malonda zoweta mochedwa ndi kugawikana, chifukwa chimene ntchito anasonkhana pa chilichonse senor. Wogulitsa inayake amalonda mankhwala ogwirizana munalidi gulu la. Izi kucheza chatsekedwa zonse malamulo ndi kapangidwe ka msika zolowa ndi.