Karl Kautsky - German zachuma, mbiri komanso wafilosofi

Mu dziko la chiphunzitso zachuma zatenga malo apadera German chuma, nzeru ena. Mmodzi wa anthu mochititsa chidwi nthawi yake Karl Kautsky. ntchito zake ndi ofanana m'njira zambiri ndi ntchito za Marx, koma anali ndi mbali yapadera kuti kupanga maganizo nzeru zapamwamba German mu njira yake yapadera. Iye anatha kukopa mbali zambiri ndipo zina mwa ntchito zidakali zogwirizana. Ndipo tsopano atsogoleri kumanja phiko m'buku lawo amagwiritsa malingaliro amene anafuulira ndi Karl Kautsky.

yonena

Moyo wa zachuma tsogolo kumayambira Prague wakale kuti ndi pamene munthu wamkulu uyu anabadwa mu 1854. Pa nthawi imeneyo, pa Ulaya zinachititsa moyo mwachilungamo chete, ndi mabungwe maphunziro ankalimbana ndi mayunivesite otchuka British. Karl Kautsky maphunziro kwambiri pa yunivesite ya Vienna. Adakali wophunzira, anagawana maganizo a Nazi ndi timudziwe bwino zolemba za Karl Marx. Popeza kuti mapeto a 1870, anagawana maganizo a Marxists ambiri. Makamaka, otchedwa funso ulimi akuyamba chidwi wake pamodzi ndi peculiarities kuyenda ntchito ndi kulamulira revisionism. Malo mkonzi ndithu otchuka magazini «Die Neue Zeit» zimalimbikitsa kufala kwa malingaliro zokomera mu Central ndi Western Europe, ngakhale owerenga analozera ena pedantry ntchito yake ndi Ambiri Amakonda scholasticism sayansi.

mabodza Marxism

Mu 1885 -1888, Karl Kautsky ankakhala ku London, kumene iye anali pafupi zedi ndi Chichewa ndi mbali ya Marxism. Popeza 1890, anasamukira ku Germany komwe anapitiriza kufalitsa mapepala mbali zosiyanasiyana za Marxism. Wophunzitsa talente ndi virtuosity anapanga yochepa ntchito za Kautsky chotchuka kwambiri pakati pa mbali ya kayendedwe zokomera ndi kwakukulu. Mwa ntchito zake Kupenda Thomas More ndi dystopia wake (1888), "Comments kuti Eksfurtskoy Program" (1892), "Antecedents Socialism zatsopano (1895).

Kautsky ndi Chikhristu

Imodzi mwa ntchito zake, ndi zachuma German ndi nzeru zapamwamba zoyenera zikamera ndi kukula kwa kwambiri zikuluzikulu achipembedzo kayendedwe ka nthawi yake - Christianity. Mu buku lake, Kautsky limanena zokhudza zimayambitsa zachuma ndi chikhalidwe kuti kudziwa kufunika anthu kwa chikhulupiriro chatsopano, anafotokoza kufunika zenizeni mbiri ndi mmodzi Ayuda, chifukwa chimene Chikhristu anayambika chipembedzo osiyana. The ntchito "The Origin of Christianity" anali wofunika kwambiri a m'nthawi yake, ngakhale, ndipo tsopano amachititsa zambiri kusamvetsetsana pakati pa okhulupirira ndi pakati kulibe Mulungu.

ntchito zachuma

A kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane asapita chuma unachitikira mwa Iye 1887. "The Economic Ziphunziso za Karla Marksa" mwina wotchuka ntchito ya sayansi iyi. Mmenemo chinenero lomwenso ndi zomveka limafotokoza mfundo zikuluzikulu za wotchuka "Capital". Places kumene Kautsky limafotokoza chiphunzitso cha likulu, kupereka zithunzi bwino luso yopezeka kwa anthu kutali ndi maphunziro a zachuma.

gawo agrarian

malingaliro a bizinesi mu ulimi anali kwakukuru unaululidwa mu buku la Karl Kautsky, "The funso agrarian." Apa akulongosola mumaganiza waukulu amene pang'onopang'ono kukhala ofanana kumtunda umwini kwa nthawi yaitali: kwa dongosolo ang'onoang'ono ndalama Masiku ano bizinesi patsogolo. German Economist amatha streamline ndi logwirizana zowerengera chuma, zomwe ndi nthawi anasonkhanitsa waukulu. Mu ntchito zake, Kautsky zachokera deta akuluakulu a ku Kafukufuku zosiyanasiyana ndi kalembera amachitika England, France, USA, Germany. The otaya yosalala nkhani ya oyambirira asapita ang'onoang'ono kuti ulimi wamakono ikusonyeza mmene ulimi mu nthawi waufupi kusanduka kuchokera mkulu wa mabishopu ku magulu sayansi, kukwaniritsa phindu pazipita. mfundo zake zonse mwangwiro kugona kuwerengetsera wa Marx ndi mfundozo zachuma.

Kunyamuka kwa malingaliro a Marxism

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma izo kupeza zambiri kutchuka lingaliro la kupondereza proletarian. Ganizo kusintha kapangidwe zachuma ndi adawomba pa II Congress wa RSDLP, yomwe inayamba mu 1903 ku Brussels, kenako anapitiriza ntchito mu London. Kautsky ali wayesetsa kutsatira ndi deliberations a nthumwi, koma chiweruzo chake anatenga Mensheviks (odana ndi Iskrists). Pa nthawiyi, Karl Kautsky lofalitsidwa ntchito angapo olembedwa mu mzimu wa Marxism. Ena mwa iwo anali "Njira ndi Mphamvu", "The Asilavo ndi utasintha." German zachuma ntchito anali anafufuza VI Lenin, amene nthawi anawalembera mu ulaliki. Kautsky a Nkhani Lenin ndemanga nthawi zambiri lofalitsidwa mu "Iskra".

Nkhondo World

Pang'onopang'ono rethinking wa maganizo a Karl Marx zimapangitsa Kautsky kuchoka mfundo za kulimbana chosintha ndi chipani ntchito kalasi. Iye achititsa malamulo a chiyanjanitso ndi revisionists zosiyanasiyana. Komabe sanaleke naye ntchito kuti athandize kayendedwe wa liquidators pakati pa Russian Social-Democrats. Iye amakana mfundo za Party nzeru za Marxist, ndalama zimene anapereka kwa zosiyanasiyana za matchalitchi neorganizatsionnym. sosholisimu Scientific ntchito yake kuyesera Co-kulibe ndi malingaliro sanali Marxist aumunthu. maganizo Kautsky a akukumana atasintha. Kusamuka ku view chosintha wa Marxism, iye ayesera kufotokoza ndi kulimbikitsa mfundo za chikhalidwe-chauvinists.

Kautsky mu 1917

Kumayambiriro 1917, Kautsky mwachindunji nawo chilengedwe cha gulu latsopano, amene ali ndi maganizo anagawana kwathunthu. Ndi wodziimira Social-Democratic Party wa Germany, amene akali kuzungulira loyamba la chisankho kwachititsa kwambiri wa mavoti. Koma October kuukira boma, Kautsky sanasangalale kutsutsa kufala kwa ogwira ntchito mphamvu ndi anthu wamba, pokhalabe mfundo za demokalase bourgeois.

Pa nthawi ya chipwirikiti chachikulu ndale Germany, anakhalabe moyo Kuyanjanitsa pakati pa bizinesi ndi malingaliro zokomera. Udindo wa wasayansi German nkhaniyi kuwunikira mwatsatanetsatane ndi kudzudzulidwa VI Lenin, m'nkhani wake "The Proletarian utasintha ndi Kautsky otsika."

Nthawi zichitika, malingaliro nzeru zapamwamba German kuchepa mlengi wake. Mu positi-nkhondo Germany anali wamphamvu dongosolo capitalist. Favorite mwana Kautsky a (Social Democratic Party) wapeza mbali mantha. Pamene Fascism mu Europe chapakati anayang'ana mmwamba, Kautsky sichinayambe chidza- kwaniritsidwa zomwe zotsatira zoipa zimenezi zikhoza. Mu 1938, ku Vienna wake wokondedwa Anazi anadza, Karl Kautsky kuti anasamukira ku Prague ndipo kenako Amsterdam, komwe anamaliza ntchito yake.