Ntchito ndi kapangidwe ka mbewu tsinde

The zomera - mmodzi wa zodabwitsa kwambiri chidwi ndi zachilendo kwa dzikoli. Zomera amasiyana nthawi molimba monga iwo ali osiyana ndi nyama. Chinthu chokha chimene chimagwirizanitsa ena a iwo - phesi. Kumene, ndi zovuta kwambiri ndi sakanikira dongosolo, ntchito zimene ziri yosiyanasiyana. Choncho m'nkhaniyi tiona kapangidwe ka tsinde la.

mwachidule

Ichi ndi zazikulu kutsinde gawo la mbewu. Iwo Ufumuyo masamba kuti akutsatiridwa pa tsinde kuti kuwala njira zake alandira iwo njira ya zakudya, madzi ndi mchere mchere. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti pangakhale akuchedwa zakudya "mu malo". Komanso, kapangidwe tsinde ikukhudza chitukuko cha izo zipatso, mbewu ndi maluwa, zomwe kutumikira kubalana wa thupi mbewu.

Waukulu structural mayunitsi ndi msonkhano ndi interstice. Mfundo otchedwa siteshoni, ufulu umene masamba kapena masamba. Choncho, pakati pa mfundo ziwiri pafupi zoti interstice. Danga kuti aumbike pakati pa mfundo ndi tsamba petiole, wotchedwa nkusani. Choncho, iwo masamba amene m'dera lino, otchedwa axillary. Pamwamba pa kukula kwa tsinde ali ndi impso, amene amatchedwa pamwamba.

Ngati inu kukawerenga pang'ono kuchokera kumbali waukulu wa nkhani, mukhoza amatiuza chinachake chidwi. Kodi mukudziwa kuti interstices zomera lalikulu zokwanira wa iwo akanakhoza ngakhale kegs ang'ono? Mitundu ina ya nsungwi, kumene! udzu izi chimphona zoterozo zimayambira wamphamvu, ndani wa iwo kuchita osati mbale, komanso Hiramu anatumiza kwambiri. Umatheka nsungwi dzenje, cholimba, pafupifupi si kuvunda, ndi zimene zinachititsa kuti asankhe oyendetsa zambiri kalelo.

moyo amayembekezeka

Aliyense akudziwa kuti zimayambira ndi zake ndi herbaceous zomera amasiyana kwambiri moyo wautali. Choncho, zosiyanasiyana zitsamba amene ali ofala woyendera nthambi kotentha, zilibe moyo nyengo kuposa wina. Tsinde ndi zomera zake zikhoza kusungidwa m'zaka zoposa chimodzi. Mu dziko lonse lodziwika bristlecone pine Prometheus, amene kukula mu United States lero (WPN 114 index). Iwo unadulidwa mu 1964. Malinga radiocarbon chibwenzi, uwo unali m'badwo wa ... zaka 4862! Ngakhale mtengo wa pa Khirisimasi anakumana, pamene iye anali kale mu kwambiri "olemekezeka" zaka!

Kodi zina ofunika kudziwa, kuphunzira kapangidwe ka tsinde la? thunthu wotchedwa tsinde chachikulu, pa tchire kuti ndi mfundo kukula angapo, formations amenewa amatchedwa mitengo ikuluikulu. Kumbukirani kuti muli mitundu yambiri. Pano pali gulu la zimayambira, omwe anavomerezedwa tsiku.

Gulu lalikulu

Kwambiri wamba chilili mitundu. Ingokumbukirani pafupifupi mitengo zambiri zitsamba. Pankhaniyi, kapangidwe ka tsinde zomera ndi osiyana bwino anayamba makina mbali, koma si koyenera kuti minofu yake anali zake kwathunthu. Mwachitsanzo - mpendadzuwa, chimanga, amene thunthu akadali kusintha ndithu ndi moyo. Mu dzinthu mbali mlengalenga wa tsinde la amatchedwa culm. Childs, dzenje mkati (kupatula mabacteria nodal). Komabe, mitundu dzenje ndi inafalitsidwa mwa mavwende, ambulera zomera, etc.

Masamba ndi tsinde zokwawa. khalidwe mbali yake - luso mizu mfundo. A chitsanzo changwiro - zakutchire sitiroberi.

Laza ndi mtundu lopotana, amene m'njira zambiri ndi inanso m'mbuyomo, ofala mpesa. Mwa zomera komanso ndi herbaceous ndi zake zamoyo. Onsewo ali ndi kukula kugunda yaikulu, potero ikuthandizira mbali makina Kunena zoona palibe nthawi kukhala, koma chifukwa mpesa akusowa thandizo.

Lopotana, malinga ndi mutu wake, entwine maziko. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mitundu ya ting'onoting'ono ta entwine m'munsi mobwerera, ndipo ena - zosiyana. Palinso zomera ngati amene umatheka ndi kupambana ofanana akhoza anawerama mbali zonse. Mosiyana, tigwiritsitse mitundu kukwera mzati, vtseplyayas mu ming'alu tating'ono kwambiri ndi fissures padziko masharubu wake (anakweranso, Ivy).

The yofala kwambiri tsinde

Ngati inu mutenga chomera ndi kudula izo, kuyang'ana pa kapangidwe ka tsinde mu nkhani iyi zambiri amafanana bwalo. Kumene, chikhalidwe si:

• Triangular mtanda gawo mu sedge lapansi.
• Tetrahedral ku lunguzi.
• Okongola ndi yodabwitsa kwambiri polyhedrons cacti.
• Opuntia ndi flattened, pafupifupi lathyathyathya pa mtundu wa odulidwa.
• Mu dongosolo la wokoma mtola tsinde la mbewu akufanana ndi phiko.

Koma musaganize kuti zosiyanasiyana izi zikhoza kukhala wosatha. Chopambanitsa asymmetric yotakata zimayambira zambiri uka chifukwa cha anomalies iliyonse yaikulu ndi monyanyira mu chitukuko. Pano pali mitundu ya nyumba alipo zimayambira.

Pamene tsinde amasuntha madzi ndi mchere mchere njira?

Monga tikudziwa, mmela pakuti moyo wabwinobwino ayenera kupatsidwa njira madzi ndi mchere mchere. Imodzi mwa ntchito zofunikira kwambiri kwa tsinde ndi ndendende mayendedwe awo. Ngati inu kudula nthambi ya birch kapena mapulo m'chiyambi cha kuyamwa otaya, ndiye izi zikhoza mophweka, chifukwa kuti zochuluka kukhetsa kuyamwa kuyambira pamwamba odulidwa.

Pafupifupi onse zomera thupi chinamulowerera nsalu conductive. Zonse zimene ziri kusiyanitsidwa: Madzi ndi njira amadzimadzi amaukitsidwa ndi chimodzi, ndipo organic zinthu - njila zina. Zomera, nyumba izi kawirikawiri chinamulowerera mitanda zimakhala mawotchi kuti kupereka mphamvu zoyenera.

Pamene tsinde amasuntha organic? Kumene iwo angakhoze M'sitolo?

zakudya zonse organic waikamo maselo apadera kuti udindo ndi kuwonjezera apo. Kwenikweni, chifukwa cha zinthu zimenezi ndi anthu kuŵetedwa zomera: amabala ndi mafuta ndi mafuta, chofunika kwambiri zopangira kwa mankhwala, processing ndi chakudya makampani.

Monga ulamuliro, mankhwala awa adayikidwa mu zanthete, mbewu ndi zipatso za zomera. Timaganiza kuti amadziwika mbatata zonse, mbatata kapena mtedza, imene nkhani zonse zikuchitika chimodzimodzi. Koma mitengo, organic ndi zambiri kudziunjikira mu pakati. Choncho, ndi ku gawo ili Mitundu ina ya kanjedza wachotsa wapatali zopangira kwa makampani mankhwala (waxes, mafuta).

Kodi mkati?

Wamng'ono kumene mwakula zomera makungwa poyamba ataphimbidwa ndi khungu wosakhwima. Kenako, kwathunthu m'malo mwa wokambirana ndi. maselo ake afe kwathunthu, iwo ali chabe kanthu "chipolopolo" anadzazidwa ndi mpweya. Choncho khungu ndi pulagi ali m'gulu monga pogona zimakhala, chubu ndi dongosolo multilayer.

Mosiyana ndi zimene anthu ambiri amaganiza, izo aumbike mwa chaka choyamba cha moyo wa mbewu. Ndi kuchuluka kwa zaka ndi kumawonjezera makulidwe a wosanjikiza Nkhata Bay. Onse nsalu zofunda apangidwa ndi chikhalidwe angatetezere zomera thupi Mavuto ndi zotsatira za chilengedwe.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti deta zonsezi ndi zofunika kwambiri mu ena mafakitale. Makamaka kupala matabwa. Choncho, munthu ayenera kukumbukira nthaŵi zonse mankhwalawa mitengo mbali, lomwe likulamuliridwa ndi maselo wamng'ono ndipo mofulumira kugawa, ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito pa moyo wa mtengowo. Kwenikweni, pa nsonga ya mtengo anataya chifukwa ichi. Ndi kufunika mu moyo weniweniwo zamoyo! tsinde kapangidwe ndi yovuta kwambiri, koma m'pofunika kudziwa izo.

Choncho, nsalu izi kuteteza evaporation kwambiri, umene uli wofunika makamaka m'madera ndi nyengo kwambiri ndi otentha, angatetezere zomera motsutsa ingress wa fumbi ndi wochindikala tizilombo zoipa zimene zingatisocheretse matenda ndi imfa ya chamoyo. Pali ting'onoting'ono stomata kwa kuwombola mpweya mu minofu kuphimba pamwamba, amene amalima "kupuma".

Pa chubu monga muona tokhala kakang'ono ndi mabowo otchedwa lenticels. Iwo anapanga kuchokera makamaka lalikulu nsalu selo m'munsi, amene amasiyana kukula chidwi cha danga intercellular.

Mu chigoba chivundikiro (koposa padziko) ndi khungwa, mkati wosanjikiza wotchedwa phloem. Komanso, kapangidwe mkati mwa tsinde la chikuphatikizapo sieve kapangidwe ndi mnzake-maselo. Pambali, pali maselo apadera zakudya kuwonjezera.

makungwa kapangidwe

ulusi Bast ali anatambasula m'litali, nkhani za makoma akufa zake mu ndondomeko za chitukuko ntchito chonyamulira, mbali makina. Izo zimatengera iwo phesi mphamvu, kukana kwake kwa fupa lothyoka. nyumba sieve - ndi vertically anakonza mizere ya maselo moyo ndi mtima akusokoneza ndi cytoplasm, amene amatsatira chipolopolo lamkati. Makoma awo atagonjetsa kudzera maenje. Maselo sieve a dongosolo kuchititsa maphunziro a mbewu, imene imagwiritsidwa ntchito madzi ndi michere njira.

Mu dongosolo mkati mwa tsinde la mulinso cambium, mmene yaitali, anatambasula ndi lathyathyathya maselo. Iwo amagawira ena mwachangu m'chaka ndi chilimwe. Mbali yaikulu ya tsinde ndi monga matabwa. ofanana kwambiri dongosolo kuti phloem, inakhazikitsanso maselo a mawonekedwe osiyana ndi ntchito, zomwe ndi zimakhala angapo (nyumba angapo conductive ndi makina waukulu minofu). mphete Tree popangidwa ndi maselo onse ndipo zimakhala.

Choncho kuphunzira Kapangidwe ka tsinde makalasi 6 zonse sekondale sukulu. Mwatsoka, pulogalamu maphunziro si choncho amakhala pakati. Koma aumbike ndi woonda khoma maselo lalikulu. Iwo sali chamadzi wina ndi mzake, monga kusewera sitolo ndi kusunga mbali. Ngati inu munayamba mwawonapo maziko a mtengo, inu mwina mukukumbukira "ndevu" kuti imathandiza mu madera osiyana.

Koma iwo amagwira ntchito yaikulu! Ndi awa tyazham amene masango lalikulu la nyumba conductive, zakudya kupita phloem ndi ziwalo zina za thupi mbewu. Kukuthandizani longoganizira kapangidwe ka tsinde (dicots komanso), ife azipereka deta zofunika pa tebulo mawonekedwe.

tebulo "kapangidwe tsinde la mbewu" idzakuthandizani kukumbukira zigawo zikuluzikulu, kumvetsa kufunika kwake zinchito. Oddly zokwanira, koma mfundo za zingakhale zothandiza pa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku.

Nkhani zimene zimapezeka kapangidwe anatomical ya tsinde la

Tsopano tikambirana kapangidwe anatomical ya tsinde la. Oddly zokwanira, koma nkhani imeneyi ndi nthawi yovuta kwambiri kwa ana asukulu amene akuphunzira zomera Inde. Ambiri, ngati inu osachepera kudziwa magwiridwe onse a nyumba zosiyanasiyana za tsinde, ndiyeno athe kuthana ndi dongosolo, popanda khama zapadera. Mwachidule, kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya tsinde ndi inextricably zogwirizana, kotero kuti ayenera kuwerenga molumikizana.

Kuchititsa zimakhala anayamba nyumba conductive (maselo sieve) imene zakudya zaperekedwa ku madera onse a mbewu. Mbali yaikulu ya mbiya pali ambiri minofu makina, ali ndi udindo mphamvu katundu. The zanthete muli dongosolo anayamba wa meristems.

Pamene ntchito ochiritsira kuwala maikulosikopu inu mukhoza kuwona kuti meristems apical kungadzutse procambium ndi gusset meristem. Ndi kupyolera mwa iwo amayamba kapangidwe yaikulu ya tsinde la. Mu ena zomera, izo kumatenga nthawi yaitali. Cambium, lomwe ndi dongosolo sekondale, ndipamene kapangidwe yachiwiri ya tsinde la.

Features a dongosolo chachikulu

Taganizirani mbali ya kapangidwe tsinde la. More ndendende, dongosolo lake lalikulu. Tiyenera kusiyanitsa ndodo chapakati (Pamwalawo), ndi chachikulu-kuti kotekisi. Kunja makungwa uyu ali ndi chivundikiro nsalu (periderm), ndi patsinde pali kuloŵerera minofu (hlorenhima). Iye ali ndi udindo wofunika kwambiri, monga amachita monga ngati mlatho pakati pa kotekisi ndi minofu makina (collenchyma ndi sclerenchyma).

Phata chapakati kuteteza kumbali zonse ndi wosanjikiza endoderm. Ambiri wotanganidwa ndi chingwe ndi conductive popangidwa ndi pophatikizana a zimakhala conductive ndi makina, zomwe talankhula. Phata imakhala parenchyma pafupifupi sanali apadera. Chifukwa chakuti maselo ake oipa pafupi wina ndi mnzake (monga mobwerezabwereza tanenera), kawirikawiri anapanga M'mimbamo mpweya amene buku akhoza kukhala yofunika kwambiri.

Cambium amapanga xylem zasekondale ndi phloem. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti kotekisi chachikulu zonse afa choncho ayenera m'malo, amene amathandiza ndi cambial minofu. Potsiriza ndi ponena kuti zimayambira dongosolo ofunika kwakukulukulu zimatengera osati mtundu wa zomera, komanso zinthu zimene iwo kukula. Apa kotero ayenera kuphunzira Kapangidwe ka kalasi tsinde 6.