Kupereka maselo ndi mphamvu. magwero a mphamvu

Maselo onse zamoyo, kupatula mavairasi. Iwo amapereka zonse zofunika ndondomeko moyo wa chomera kapena chinyama. Cell ndipo mwina yokha kukhala thupi osiyana. Ndipo kodi zimenezi dongosolo zovuta kukhala wopanda mphamvu? Kumene ayi. Kodi inuyo kuonetsetsa pali selo mphamvu? Bukuli lili ndi njira zimene tidzakambirane pansipa.

Kupereka maselo mphamvu: kodi n'chiyani?

maselo angapo kupeza mphamvu zawo kuchokera kunja, kupanga izo okha okha. maselo Eukaryotic ndi mtundu wa "okwerera". Ndipo mphamvu selo ndi mitochondria - organelles kuti amapanga. Ndi ndondomeko ya kupuma selo. Chifukwa izo, ndipo pali yokonza maselo ndi mphamvu. Komabe, iwo alipo okha zomera, nyama ndi bowa. Maselo akusowa mabakiteriya mitochondria. Choncho, iwo ayenera kuonetsetsa mphamvu selo zimagwiritsa chifukwa ndondomeko nayonso mphamvu, osati kupuma.

Kapangidwe ka mitochondria ndi

Iwo dvumembranny organelle, amene anaonekera mu chipinda eukaryotic m'kati kusanduka chifukwa cha mayamwidwe ake bwino maselo prokaryotic. Izi zikhoza pofotokoza mfundo yakuti mu mitochondria azipereka DNA yake ndi RNA komanso ribosomes kwa mayitirokondiriyoni yotulutsa kufunika mapuloteni organelles.

Nembanemba mkati ali protuberances, zomwe zimatchedwa crista kapena zitunda. Christie ndi ndondomeko ya kupuma selo.

ndi mkati nembanemba ziwiri zomwe, wotchedwa bokosi. Iwo anakonza mapulotini, michere anafunika imathandizira zochita mankhwala, komanso mamolekyulu RNA, DNA ndi ribosomes.

Ma kupuma - maziko a moyo

Izo zikuchitika mu magawo atatu. Tiyeni tione aliyense zimenezi mwatsatanetsatane.

Gawo loyamba - kukonzekera

Panthaŵi imeneyi, mankhwala zovuta organic unagwa chosavuta. Choncho, mapuloteni kuwola ndinso kuti kwa amino zidulo, mafuta - ku zidulo carboxylic ndi glycerol, asidi mkati - kuti nucleotides, ndi chakudya - kwa shuga.

glycolysis

Iwo anoxic siteji. Yankholo mu chakuti thunthu zopezera gawo loyamba, unagwa zina. Magwero chachikulu cha mphamvu ntchito ndi selo panthawi imeneyi - mamolekyulu shuga. Aliyense wa iwo ali m'kati glycolysis linawola kuti zamoyo ziwiri pyruvate. Izi zidzachitika khumi zotsatizana zosiyanasiyana mankhwala. Chifukwa choyamba asanu, shuga ndi phosphorylated, kenako linagawanika mu awiri phosphotriose. Otsatirawa zochita asanu amapangidwa mamolekyulu awiri ATP (adenosine triphosphate) ndi tizidutswa awiri STC (pyruvic acid). maselo mphamvu ndipo kusungidwa mu mawonekedwe a ATP.

Dongosolo lonse glycolysis akhoza wosalira kusonyeza motere:

2ADF 2NAD + + 2H ₃ PO ₄ + C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ → 2H ₂ O + ^2NAD. + 2C ₂ H ₃ H ₄ O ₃ + 2ATF

Choncho, ntchito kam'bulu kamodzi ka shuga, mamolekyulu awiri ADP acid phosphoric awiri, selo amalandira mamolekyulu awiri ATP (mphamvu) ndi tizidutswa awiri asidi pyruvic, amene ntchito mu ndime yotsatira.

Mbali yachitatu - makutidwe ndi okosijeni

Sitepe kumachitika kokha pamaso wa oxygen. zochita mankhwala zimachitika nthawi imeneyi ya mitochondria lapansi. Kuti ndi mbali yaikulu ya kupuma ma, imene anamasula mphamvu kwambiri. Pa nthawi imeneyi, asidi pyruvic, wakwiya ndi mpweya, ndi lamamatira madzi ndi mpweya. Komanso, ndi kupanga 36 mamolekyulu ATP. Choncho, tinganene kuti yaikulu mphamvu maselo - shuga ndi asidi pyruvic.

Mwachidule mankhwala anachita, ndi kusiya mwatsatanetsatane, tingathe kufotokoza dongosolo lonse selo kupuma wina chosavuta aone kuti pali:

6D ₂ + C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + 38ADF + 38H ₃ PO ₄ → 6SO ₂ + 6H2O + 38ATF.

Choncho, pa kupuma kwa wina shuga molekyulu mamolekyulu asanu mpweya makumi asanu ndi atatu mamolekyulu wa ADP ndi yofanana phosphoric selo asidi alandira 38 ATP mamolekyulu, ndi momwe mu mawonekedwe a mphamvu kusungidwa.

The zosiyanasiyana michere kwa mayitirokondiriyoni

Mphamvu kwa moyo wa khungu alandira chifukwa kupuma - makutidwe ndi okosijeni a shuga, acid ndiye pyruvic. Zonse zochita izi mankhwala akhoza kutenga malo opanda michere - kwachilengedwenso catalysts. Tiyeni tione omwe akupezeka mitochondria wa - organelles udindo kupuma ma. Onse a iwo amatchedwa oxidoreductases chifukwa kufunika zochita makutidwe ndi okosijeni-kuchepetsa.

oxidoreductases onse akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri:

• oxidase;
• dehydrogenase;

Dehydrogenase Zikatero, anawagawa aerobic ndi anaerobic. Thupi muli mu zikuchokera coenzyme awo riboflavin kuti thupi wapeza vitamini B2. Thupi dehydrogenase akupanga tinthu monga coenzymes nad ndi NADP.

Oxidases zambiri zosiyanasiyana. Choyamba, iwo anawagawa m'magulu awiri:

• amene ali ndi mkuwa;
• anthu omwe mbali ya chitsulo alipo.

Zoyambazo monga polyphenol, ascorbate, wachiwiri - catalase, peroxidase, cytochromes. inawo, nayenso, anawagawa m'magulu anayi:

• cytochromes ndi;
• cytochrome b;
• cytochrome m'ma;
• cytochromes d.

Cytochromes ndipo ali mu zikuchokera zhelezoformilporfirin awo, cytochromes B - zhelezoprotoporfirin, c - mmalo zhelezomezoporfirin, anthu d - zhelezodigidroporfirin.

Kodi pali njira ina yopangira mphamvu?

Ngakhale kuti ambiri a maselo kuzilandira izo chifukwa cha kupuma ma, palinso mabakiteriya anaerobic kuti pali chiyani popanda oxygen. Iwo kutulutsa mphamvu zofunika ndi nayonso mphamvu. Iyi ndi ndondomeko imene chakudya unagwa ndi michere popanda nawo mpweya, umene khungu ndipo amalandira mphamvu. Pali mitundu ingapo ya nayonso mphamvu, malingana ndi chomaliza mankhwala mosiyanasiyana mankhwala. Ndi asidi lactic, mowa, asidi butyric, acetone, byuteni, citric acid.

Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani nayonso mphamvu mowa. Pano mukhoza kufotokoza aone kuti pali izi:

C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ → C ₂ H ₅ HA + 2 Akorinto ₂

Ndiko kuti, molekyulu mmodzi wa shuga akuswa bakiteriya kuti kam'bulu kamodzi Mowa ndi tizidutswa awiri (IV) mpweya monoxide.