World Chess ngwazi - mfumu ya dziko Chess

Ambiri amadziwika kuti masewera chimachepetsa chamoyo limaphunzitsa kukhala Hardy, molimba mtima ndi kukwaniritsa cholinga. Komabe, izi kutali onse. Sport kumathandizanso kulera mlingo wa kukula m'nzeru. Chitsanzo chabwino ndi Chess. Anthu ambiri amanena kuti masewerawa zosangalatsa ndi imodzi mwa njira pochitika nthawi. Ngati inu ingaloŵe, tikuona kuti Chess ndi m'bungwe kwambiri ndi otchuka masewera. Iwo ali wolowezana zake, mabungwe osiyanasiyana kuti kuchititsa thupi zosiyanasiyana ndi mpikisano. Kusiyana komwe kulipo kwa mitundu ina Chess yogwira ndi chakuti Games Olympic mndandanda, iwo sali. Ngakhale mtundu uwu malipilo kuchotsa kumeneko. Choncho, zaka ziwiri mu dziko Olympiad umachitika, amene amakopeka osati Chess akatswiri pakati pa akazi ndi amuna, komanso oyamba amene afuna kuonetsa luso lapadera

Magwero a masewera: Indian chaturanga

Pali nthano monga zomwe masewerawa mbe mu moyo wa anthu. Kamodzi pa nthawi mu India, ndi Bramini (wansembe) analenga Chaturanga - zosangalatsa, amene anali gulu ndi mabwalo alternating mtundu. Maselo amenewa anasonyeza kanjedza. masewera Ichi chinapangidwira zoterozo mu panyumba ya mfumu - ndi Raja. Kutulukira ndi wokoma munthu wa ulamuliro kuti mphoto anandiuza kuti Bramini kusankha chirichonse chimene iye akufuna. Ndipo wansembe anafunsa mwamantha tirigu. Koma m'njira kuti selo loyamba poyamba ndikuika mbewu imodzi. Selo chachiwiri awiri, ndipo wachitatu zinali zofunika kuika mbewu anayi ndi zina zotero. Patapita anatuluka kuti tirigu mu ufumu sikokwanira, kuti kulipira mphatso Bramini. Pang'onopang'ono, masewero chasinthidwa pang'ono. Chachikulu kusiyana kwa Chess Chaturanga ndi chiwerengero cha osewera. Ngati osewera awiri, masewera wakale limakupatsani kuphatikiza mitundu iwiri iwiri ya anthu nawo mitundu amakono. Masitepe mu Chaturanga anatsimikiza potulutsa dayisi.

makampani kasamalidwe

Pang'onopang'ono masewera anafalikira padziko lonse lapansi. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ngakhale achipembedzo kapena andale alimi analibe kanthu ndi zosangalatsa zimenezi. Panopa, bungwe lalikulu akuchita thupi osiyana ndi mayiko Chess Federation, weniweni chidule. Idamangidwa pa makumi zaka mazana makumi awiri. Kumapeto kwa Zakachikwi chachiwiri, dziko Chess ngwazi GARRY Kasparov adalenga PCA - Professional Chess Association, umene unatha zaka zitatu zokha. Komabe, mu nthawi yochepa iye anakwanitsa "akupeka" kwambiri mwa akatswiri amphamvu. World Chess ngwazi, wophunzitsidwa ndi kusonyeza ukatswiri wanu mu PCA, imatengedwa ndi "katswiri wa masewera tingachipeze powerenga."

Young talente ku Norway

Ngakhale ankaona masewera kale chitukuko, thupi mayiko yachitika pa izo posachedwapa. Nkhondo komaliza kwa Chess korona unachitikira miyezi ingapo yapitayo. Ndime, umene unachitikira ku Chennai, India, anasonyeza omvera chifukwa zidzasintha. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri ya kupeza katswiri anapambana chifukwa cha mnyamata wamng'ono. Makumi awiri Norway Magnus Carlsen anali kupereka mutu wa "World Chess Champion." Kumenyera wokongola grandmaster wamng'ono anapambana Indian mbuye Vishvanatana Ananda. masewera khumi monga mpikisano inatha mu mtima wa grandmaster wamng'ono. Masiku ano, padziko lonse Chess ngwazi ku Norway pamwamba mndandanda wa osewera kwambiri a dziko. Izi chachiwiri kusanja pambuyo Magnus Carlsen Levon Aronian ndi. Atseka atsogoleri atatu ku Russia ndi Vladimir Kramnik. Kuwonjezera masewera kwambiri Chess, Magnus Carlsen watsimikizira yokha mu ntchito mawerengeredwe. zithunzi zake zodziwika kukometsera chivundikiro cha otchuka magazini GQ.

Back masewera kunyumba

Anaumba ngwazi dziko Chess, anabadwa mu India. dzina lake - Viswanathan Anand. Iye anapambana mutu wa player yopambana mu 2007. Anabadwa grandmaster m'chigawo cha Madras mu 1969. Mphunzitsi woyamba anali mayi ake Indian. Anandiphunzitsa tsogolo la wotchuka mbuye luso anapereka "mphasa". Viswanathan zimadzakhala wosewera bwino mu India. Kuyambira mu 1993, Anand bwinobwino nawo mu thupi osiyanasiyana kupeza katswiri dziko. Mutu wa "World Chess Champion" Hindu afika mu 2007, kumenya Vladimir Kramnik. Patapita chaka chimodzi, Viswanathan Anand akutsimikiza mutu wake bwinobwino potsutsa Bonn. Mu 2013, Indian anadza pamalopo achinyamata Norway.

Wokondedwa ambuye Soviet

Vladimir Kramnik anthu kudziwika monga cinai dziko Chess ngwazi. Kwawo ndi luso grandmaster Tuapse. Pali ndipo Vladimir anabadwa mu 1975. Kramnik ndi mmodzi mwa amene ulemu ndi kunyada mutu wa ngwazi ya "Chess chakale" mogwirizana Professional Chess Association. Komanso, Vladimir Borisovich bwino waweruzidwa Russian mwini masewera ofunikira.

Mu 1991, Kramnik anapatsidwa udindo wa mayiko Grandmaster. Nthawi imeneyi adakwaniritsa yokoma unali mutu wa ngwazi dziko mwa juniors. Vladimir Osangopereka kwakukuru ankaimira Russia pa Mpikisano wa mayiko mu timu ya dziko.

Woyamba chigonjetso choperekera Kramnik kunali kupambana mu 2000. Iwo anali pamenepo mu London, ndi Russian kuika "Mwamuna" kuti compatriot wake, dziko yapita ngwazi GARRY Kasparov. Patatha zaka zinayi, Vladimir anakumana pa Chess bolodi ndi Peter Leko. Patapita nthawi yaitali ku Russia kumbuyo udindo wake wapamwamba. Mu 2006 Kramnik ophatikizana malinga ndi PCA mutu dziko ndi winanso ndi weniweni, kupindulira mu yogwirizanitsa machesi Veselina Topalova. Patatha chaka chimodzi apatsira udindo waukulu wa mbadwa ya India - Viswanathan Anand.

Chakhumi ndi chitatu World Champion

Wina wodziwika amamudziwa mu dziko la Chess ndi GARRY Kasparov. Grandmaster anabadwa mu 1963. A mbadwa ya Baku poyamba anatenga dzina la Weinstein. Kwa nthawi yoyamba ndi Chess gulu atate wake anabzala. Harry anali ndi zaka zisanu. Mu 1976 panali woyamba kwambiri zinachitika m'moyo wa mwanayo, ndipo anakhala ngwazi za USSR Chess Championship. Patapita zaka ziwiri Kasparov kwakukuru wopambana mpikisano wa, "Sokolsky Chikumbutso", umene unachitikira Minsk. Kudzera chochitika, Harry wakhala kupereka mutu wa Mwini Sports.

Mu 1980, Kasparov sukulu ndi n'kulandira mendulo ya golidi. Chaka chomwecho zinali zodzaza ndi chinthu chinanso ina yofunika kwambiri moyo Wachinyamata. Mu iyi: Dortmund, iye anali kupereka mutu wa ngwazi dziko mwa juniors. Panthawiyo, Kasparov anali grandmaster womaliza dziko.

Pa zaka achinyamata khumi talente amakhala ngwazi za USSR. The linanena bungwe loyamba la GM masewera wamkulu chinachitika mu 1984. Goliyati anali Anatoly Karpov. Play masewera a dziko Chess ngwazi anali umboni nthawi. machesi miyezi ingapo, kuyambira September 1984 mpaka February 1985. ndime The adagonja ndi Karpov. Msonkhano wotsatira aluso awiri unachitikira mu September 1985. Wu ya mpikisano anali Moscow. Ndi apa, ndi kuzindikiridwa 13 dziko Chess ngwazi. Iwo anakhala GARRY Kasparov, amene kumenya yapita "Mfumu ya bolodi ndi chuma" ndi mphambu wa 13:11. Mpaka chiyambi cha zaka za, ndi grandmaster luso mobwerezabwereza imatsimikizirika kuti ndi yolungama ake ndi udindo waukulu woyamba pa Baibulo weniweni, ndiyeno malingana ndi PCA. zaka khumi ndi zisanu pambuyo pa zochitika zikuluzikulu za ndime Russian mbuye anataya kuti compatriot lake Vladimir Kramnik. Choncho, dzina la ngwazi dziko anataya.

anapatsidwa udindo

Anatoly Karpov ndi akhumi dziko Chess ngwazi. Anabadwa mu mzinda Russian wa Zlatoust, anabadwa mu 1951. Kudzera atate wake Karpov pa zaka zisanu, poyamba dziko la Chess. Pa fortini, Anatoly anakhala katswiri wa masewera ofunikira. Mfundo zosangalatsa za kulandira mutu wa dziko ngwazi Karpov. Kukhala yapindula zabwino machesi junior, talente wamng'ono ali ndi ndime lonse. Goliyati anali kukhala Robert Dzheyms Fisher. Komabe, posachedwapa isanayambe machesi ndi American sankapanga nawo. Choncho, dziko akhumi ngwazi Anatoly Karpov analandira udindo. Mu zaka wotsatira, GM wasonyeza kuti munthuyo ali woyenera kuvala mutu wa mkulu chifukwa. Chess player bwinobwino kwambiri pochita mpikisano zosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa cha kupambana kwake ku Milan mu 1975. Zotsatirazi kupambana Italy Pambuyo palibe patsogolo zochepa chidwi Manila, Rovinj-Zagreb ndi mizinda ina. Karpov katatu ngwazi za USSR. Grandmaster limanenanso mbiri dziko la yapambana kwambiri. Pa kuli lonse la masewera palibe amene wakwanitsa iyende amenewa, amene anafika Anatoly Karpov.

American Bobby

Robert Dzheyms Fisher - woyamba dziko Chess ngwazi ku United States. amadziwika monga Bobby dziko dera. Magazini "Chess Information" dzina player kwambiri m'zaka makumi awiri American. Mphatso kusewera Chess chinatseguka mlongo. Bobby mwachangu maluso awo, ndi pa usinkhu wa satini ankamukonda mutu US mu Chess achinyamata. Patapita chaka chimodzi, anaukitsa udindo wake mu Championship wamkulu anakhala wothamanga wamng'ono amene akwaniritsa bwino yochititsa ngati wamng'ono. Pa zaka khumi ndi zisanu, Fischer anakhala grandmaster, anasiya chifukwa zotsatira za Borisa Spasskogo, analandira udindo mu zaka ziwiri. Ndi malo amodzi ndi woyamba Chess player Bobby World mpikisano. Mu 1972, Fischer akuika "mphasa" wa Soviet-French grandmaster ndi kukatenga mutu.

Wopambana lakhumi la Championship dziko

Boris Spassky anabadwa mu 1937 mu Leningrad. Ndinaphunzira kusewera Chess pa zaka zisanu. Mu makumi asanu wa mzaka zana makumi awiri Boris kwa nthawi yoyamba watenga mbali mu chomaliza cha Championship wa USSR ndi nzeru Umapeza. Mu chaka chomwecho, Spassky anali kupereka mutu wa mayiko Grandmaster. Pa zaka makumi awiri, anakhala dziko Chess ngwazi mwa kugonjetsa Tigran Petrosian. Patapita zaka zingapo transmits mkulu udindo American Bobby Fischer.

grandmasters Soviet

Tigran Petrosian anabadwa mu 1929 ku Tbilisi. Mutu wa mayiko grandmaster Chess Soviet analandira mu 1952. Patapita kanthawi kumakhaladi ankakondwera Mwini Sports la Soviet Union. Ndi athana opita mpikisano mu 1962, Tigran amapita lonse. Pali ankamukonda mutu dziko, amene anali pamaso compatriot lake Mikhail Botvinnik. patatha zaka zisanu ndi mutu amapita ku Borisu Spasskomu.

Mndandanda wa opindula kupeza katswiri dziko kulamulidwa ndi Soviet akatswiri Chess pakati pa anthu a dziko. Kuwonjezera izi, iwo mulinso Vasily Smyslov, dzina lake Aleksandr Alehin, Mikhail aakulu ndi Mikhail Botvinnik. The yamasika woyamba Soviet ngwazi mpira.

Mikhail Botvinnik anabadwa mu 1911 ku chigawo Vyborg. zaka makumi atatu mphambu zisanu ndi ziwiri pambuyo pa kubadwa kwake Mikhail amakhala dziko Chess ngwazi mwa kugonjetsa ndi mdani ku Amsterdam Maksa Eyve. Pakuti nthawi zonse nawo mpikisano Botvinnik ankaimba maphwando mazana khumi ndi awiri.

Kudutsa aliyense mutu zina

Yoyamba Mikhail Botvinnik, Maks Eyve - wachisanu World Chess Champion. adzabadwira wake ndi Amsterdam. Mu zaka zinayi, mwanayo anakhala chidwi Chess. Pa zaka khumi, anayamba kuchita nawo mpikisano. Ndipo mu 1935, Max Euwe anali kupereka mutu wa dziko Chess ngwazi.

Title ankadutsa izo, titero, tinatengera kwa GM Aleksandra Alehina. Soviet Chess player kwa ndithu nthawi yaitali molimba akupondereza othamanga ena. Mutu wa dziko Chess ngwazi Alekhine analandira pambuyo mpikisano wa unbeaten payipi Raulem Capablanca mu 1927. Kamodzi udindo watayika. Izi zinachitika mu 1935 mu kufanizitsa ndi Maksom Eyve. Komabe, patapita kanthawi mutu anabwezeretsedwa. Soviet grandmaster ndi munthu yekhayo mu mbiri ya masewera, amene anafa undefeated.

"The Turk"

Mu 1888, iye anabadwa mu Havana Jose Raúl Capablanca ndi Graupera. amadziwika ngati "The Turk" m'mbiri ya Chess. Choncho Capablanca anaitana pakalibe zolakwika pa zipani. Cuba ngwazi mutu anapambana mu 1921. Goliyati anali Emanuel Lasker. Capablanca anatsutsa lopambana grandmaster zinachitika kale mpikisano wa. Komabe, Lasker simungakhoze kugwirizana kusewera ndi talente wamng'ono. Chikhulupiriro chonse kuti apambana, akutiakuti anathamangitsa Jose Raúl, pamene mu 1927 izo sanaitana kwa machesi dzina lake Aleksandr Alehin. Ndiye korona wa Chess wolamulira dziko lonse anasintha mwiniwake. Iwo anakhala mbadwa ya Soviet Union.

Psychology ndi masewera

Chachiwiri World Chess Champion - Emanuel Lasker. Iye anabadwa mu 1868 ku Germany. Iye amakhala mbiri chodabwitsa mu dziko Chess: German mutu mgwirizano a zaka makumi awiri ndi ziwiri. Ichi sichinayambe chachitikapo mu mbiri ya masewera. Asayansi ambiri kuitana Lasker "mpainiya" m'munda wa njira maganizo kwa luso la Chess. Mu 1894 pa Championship World mu chigonjetso woyamba New York Emanuel a. Iye anali kupereka mutu wa ngwazi. Iye bwinobwino anachita kwa zaka 68.
Mu 1836, Prague anabadwa Vilgelm Steynits - woyamba dziko Chess ngwazi. ankaphunzitsa anali akuthandiza kwambiri pa zina bwino chitukuko cha mbiri yonse ya Chess. mutu World kunapatsidwa kwa Steinitz mu zaka m'malo okhwima. Panthawiyo iye anali usinkhu wa zaka makumi asanu.