Kapangidwe ndi kapangidwe ka nthaka

Nthaka chachikulu chuma achilengedwe. Imakhala wakudya nyama, anthu - chakudya ndi munda mafakitale - kofunika kupanga mankhwala zopangira. Amaika mumsewu kwa zaka ndi zaka. Ndipo lero akukumana anthu ndi funso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mayiko. Koma zimenezi n'zosatheka popanda chidziwitso cha kukonza, katundu, zikuchokera ndi kapangidwe ka nthaka.

Mbiri ya kuphunzira wosanjikiza lachonde dziko lapansi

M'nthawi ya 18, asayansi anazindikira kuti nthaka wapangidwa zigawo zosiyana. Chidwi chuma ichi adapitiriza patapita nthawi yaitali. Mwachitsanzo, mu Germany kuchokera mu 1879 mpaka 1899 chaka kafukufuku mderali wochitidwa ndi Wollny ndi kusukulu. Ambiri zasayansi Kafukufuku anakhazikitsa kudalira za thupi katundu dothi pa kukula kwa apezeka ake ndi ochititsa fumbi.

Mu 1877, wasayansi PA Kostachev ananena kuti pambuyo kulima m'dziko namwali mwamsanga sprayed, imbaenda ku kuchepa zokolola. Kapangidwe nthaka abwezeretsedwa pokhapokha minda anatsala pansi osatha zomera herbaceous. Maphunziro awa zinali zofunika kwambiri. Zinasonyeza kuti ulimi dongosolo nthaka amasewera yofunika agrotechnical.

chidwi linaperekedwa kwa pamwamba wosanjikiza dothi mu 30-40-ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo. Pankhaniyi, asayansi Ufumuyo yofunika kwambiri ya dongosolo nthaka pankhani ya chonde. mawu awa awiri anakwezedwa udindo wa Mau ofanana.

Kapangidwe ka nthaka ndi phindu lake si kuonedwa ndi asayansi mu 50-60-ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo. chifukwa anali kutsutsa kachitidwe udzu. Ofufuzawa nayamba kufunsana udindo wa dongosolo nthaka pankhani ya chonde. Ndipo nthawizina iwo ngakhale kukana.

Komabe, asayansi ena pitirizani kufufuza m'dera limeneli. Ndipo apo kuoneka ntchito za Academician V. V. Medvedeva. Asayansi aphunzira kapangidwe ka nthaka ndi tanthauzo lake pogwiritsa ntchito njira micromorphological. Pankhaniyi, iwo ntchito zapamwamba zida masamu kulola kuti tisanthule ziti ndiponso mwachidule anapezazo lapansi. Medvedev Kodi zotsatira za ntchito lofalitsidwa mu 2008 ndi monograph pa kapangidwe ka nthaka. Mu ntchito tinali mwachidule maphunziro anasonyeza kuti kusintha kwa ikukhudzana ndi mpweya boma la zigawo chapamwamba a dziko lapansi mwachindunji, komanso njira zina bwanji kukula kwa zomera.

The tanthauzo yaikulu ya

ndi kapangidwe ka Kodi nthaka? Tanthauzo la mawu akuti limasonyeza kuti m'ndandanda wa aggregates osiyana (apezeka), amene amasiyana kukula ndi mawonekedwe. Aliyense wa zinthu izi Amakhala ndi zinthu cholukanalukana zomera mizu, humus ndi monga D..

Kapangidwe nthaka ndi zofunika kwambiri. Ndi chinthu chachikulu udindo chonde m'dziko. Makamaka zofunika kwa anthu kapangidwe ka m'chizimezime chapamwamba nthaka. wosanjikiza izi, zimene chitukuko cha dongosolo muzu wa zomera. Iwo anakhala zamoyo zosiyanasiyana nthaka. Kaja ichi mwa kundipatsako kwa zakudya ndi madzi zofunika zomera zikule. N'chifukwa chake wosanjikiza chapamwamba nthaka ayenera bwino pakati gawo lake madzi, olimba ndi gaseous. Molingana Izi motere - 25:50:25.

Gawo ndi nthaka kapangidwe

The M'maso chapamwamba a dziko ndi malingaliro osiyana. Iwo unstructured ndi structural. Woyamba wa mitundu zikuphatikizapo zinthu granulometric amene boma amakhala ngati razdelnochastichnoe. A chidwi Mwachitsanzo structureless nthaka ndi mchenga. Mu humus ndi dongo wake wamng'ono particles. Kusintha Mitundu nyumba pakati pa dothi ndi structural structureless. Mu mayunitsi kulankhulana wina ndi mzake ndi ofooka kwambiri.

lachonde akuti ndi structural. Ndi bwino chimatsutsana mphepo ndi madzi osefukira, ndipo mosavuta anayamba kugwa pamene akulima. Ngati zikuchokera dongosolo nthaka ndi athe kukwaniritsa chonde, ndiye moyenera kuphatikiza mpweya, kutentha ndi ulamuliro madzi. Chinthu ichi kuli ndi ubwino chomera zakudya ndi chitukuko cha njira kwachilengedwenso.

dothi Non-zosanjidwa si okhoza kuyamwa madzi. Komanso mvula bere mayiko oterewa chifukwa cha kukokoloka kwa nthaka. Air ndi madzi dothi ngati ali muzikangana. Mvula imagwera musatisiye ngati dziko M'maso chinyezi. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha tima nyamuka capillary madzi. nthaka kouma. Chipinda Pankhaniyi amalephera kupereka kwa iwo zambiri madzimadzi ndi zakudya. Ngakhale izi, pa akungoonerera ndi dothi ndi structureless n'zotheka kupeza mkulu zokolola. Komabe, izi Pakufunika ntchito zonse akuthandiza njira zaulimi pa mlingo mkulu.

Kapangidwe mapangidwe topsoil

Chapamwamba kaja dziko amakhala oyenera zomera mchikakamizo cha njira ziwiri zikuchitika nthawi imodzi. Choncho, kapangidwe nthaka mapangidwe kumachitika mwamwambo kulekana wosanjikiza aggregates ndi akalumikidzidwa osiyana ndi makulidwe. The ndondomeko kachiwiriko mkati ulili kapangidwe ndi katundu wa zinthu analandira.

Research asayansi asonyeza kuti mapangidwe dongosolo nthaka, n'zotheka atamwa mankhwala, physico-mankhwala, zifukwa za chilengedwe komanso physico-makina.

Choncho, mapangidwe akaphatikiza amapezeka ndi kusinthana desiccation ndi humidification, yozizira koopsa ndi thawing. The zikuchokera ndi kusintha kapangidwe nthaka mchikakamizo cha burrowing nyama zofunika kuvutitsidwa ankachititsa ndi mizu kukula. Kusintha katundu wa pamwamba wosanjikiza dothi ndi mkulu Machining munda mfuti.

Komanso, kapangidwe ndi kapangidwe ka nthaka zimadalira pamaso pa zomatira mankhwala. Kawirikawiri ndi humic colloids. Zinthu zimene angathe kusintha kapangidwe coagulation wa nthaka madzi zosagwira. Mkhalidwe umenewu zimadalira kuchuluka kwa manyowa, zimene mawotchi dongosolo, luso kukumbukira ndi kuyamwa madzi ndi kudyetsa izo pamwamba capillaries. Pambuyo mvula pa choterocho si anapanga kutumphuka, omwe amachepetsa kotunga mpweya mizu ya zomera kukula.

dothi lolemera

Malinga ndi matabwa ake makina nthaka yachonde lagawidwa ndi dongo ndipo loam, mchenga loam ndi peat. Kodi kumasulila iwo? Mawotchi zikuchokera dothi anafufuza pa zitsanzo. nthaka particles otengedwa malo angapo m'chizimezime chapamwamba, kulipangitsa kukhala recess 20 cm. zitsanzo anali ndiye yosakaniza ndi wothira ku mtanda madzi wamba. Ngati inu mufika mpira, koma sikutheka falitsani chingwe, nthaka wa loam mchenga. Mu kuchita zochita wofatsa dziko choncho wachinsinsi monga loam. Ngati pamene mpira adagulung'undisa pachingwe, motero merges mu mphete, amatchedwa nthaka dongo. Mtundu wa wosanjikiza olimapo imatengedwa lolemera. dothi awa ndi osalimba apamwamba ndi kukhuthala. Ndi wosavuta kukakamirana pamodzi ndi zovuta ndondomeko, kutsimikizira kuti dzina lake.

Pa kukumba nthaka dongo si kutha. Ndipamene clumps lalikulu ndi ovuta aswe ndi wophwanyika. Ngati dziko ngati kulima ndi tiyeni kugona pansi, ndiye ntchito yonse idzadza kanthu. Patapita nthawi kachiwiri zibuluma limodzi. m'munda adzayenera kulima kachiwiri.

ndi chifukwa khalidwe la dothi lolemera chiyani? Akufotokozereni dongosolo ndi chochepa akaphatikiza particles amene kusiya pakati pawo danga yaing'ono.

Mkulu compaction nthaka dongo wobwezera chifukwa cha breathability awo osauka. Izi, mu zingathandize chakuti mizu ya zomera ndi aziwapatsa mpweya okwanira. Ndipo mwayi zochepa mpweya kwa tizilombo kuti moyo mu dothi izi. A pang'ono mpweya kubweza kuwonongeka ndondomeko ya zinthu organic kwa mankhwala komaliza kudzitsitsa. Izi zimapangitsa dothi osauka, osatha amchereze zomera awo kanthu kukula organic. N'chifukwa chake pali zochepa moyo kwachilengedwenso mu zigawo dongo. Mbali zina za mayiko amenewa ngakhale kutchedwa akufa. Iwo alibe anayamba chilengedwe microbiological.

Spressovanoy particles akaphatikiza nthaka amagwirizana ndi khalidwe la dziko monga permeability awo. Kunja dongo si anapanga otukuka dongosolo capillary. N'chifukwa chake mwa iwo zoipa akudutsa chinyezi. Mizu ya zomera ku minda ngati Movutikira mukhoza kupeza madzi zambiri zofunika pamoyo wawo.

Mu dothi lolemera pali chinthu china negative. Ngati madzi amatenga nawo, zilibe pochitika mu zigawo za mmusi za ozungulira dongo. mabuku chidwi kukhala kukula kwa dongosolo muzu wa zomera, imbaenda kuwonongeka ake.

Wina sangathe kunena kuti dongosolo bwino za nthaka dongo. Ndipo izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi kusambira wosanjikiza olimapo ku mvula. Kugwa madontho aswe aggregates yaing'ono nthaka. apezeka Clay pochitika m'zigawo zing'onozing'ono pang'ono sungunuka m'madzi. The slurry chifukwa ndi mwamphamvu kwambiri chimango aggregates nthaka. Pambuyo kuyanika minda amenewa ataphimbidwa ndi olimba ndi wandiweyani kwambiri kutumphuka Kuchepetsa malowedwe a mpweya, chinyezi ndi kuwala kwa kachitidwe muzu wa zomera. zodabwitsazi amatchedwa "nthaka konkire." Kuchita kwa dzuwa kumabweretsa akulimbana nthaka, dongosolo limene pachifukwa ichi ndi zambiri wandiweyani.

Inde, dongo dothi wolemera mu kufufuza zinthu ndi mchere. Komabe, zomera sangathe ntchito chathunthu. chakuti mizu akhoza kuyamwa yekha zakudya iwo amene ali mu mawonekedwe kusungunuka ndipo mapeto mankhwala a processing tating'onoting'ono. Clay dothi ndi bwino kwambiri madzi permeability. Iwo ali osauka mu moyo kwachilengedwenso. Izi zimakhudza ndikosatheka chomera zakudya zabwinobwino.

Low zokolola pa mayiko amenewa amayamba chifukwa chakuti zigawo dongo chifukwa kachulukidwe ake, bwino usavutike ndi dzuŵa. Madera poipa kwambiri ulimi kukhala unheated nthawi yotentha.

Kuwonjezera dothi lolemera

Kumunda yachibadwa mbewu ndi nthaka dongo ayenera kukhala lotayirira ndi chimauma dongosolo. Only mu koteleku zinthu zabwino zomera zikule. Kodi kusintha kapangidwe nthaka, zomwe imatengedwa kwambiri? Izi ndi zotheka ndi kulowa zonse m'nthaka ndi anamasuka ndipo mutsogolo zigawo zikuluzikulu. Iwo akhoza kukhala peat kapena mchenga, laimu kapena phulusa. Komanso, polenga zinthu yabwino kwa kukula kwa zomera manyowa ndi kompositi. zigawo izi adzalenga mu nthaka ndi zachilendo kwachilengedwenso kukula sing'anga.

Kuwonjezera dongosolo nthaka mawu a mphamvu madzi ndi zotheka pamene muli mchenga. Izi imodzi kuonjezera madutsidwe matenthedwe dothi lolemera. Pambuyo ndondomeko sandsing dongo M'maso kutenthetsa mwamsanga youma ndi akonzekere processing zina.

dothi kuwala kapena mchenga

Pakuti M'maso izi yodziwika ndi chiwerengero otsika particles dothi. Buku waukulu wa nthaka pamafunika mchenga. Only wochepa zimapezeka humus.

dothi Sandy si kanthu wotchedwa m'mapapo. Pambuyo kuwachitira ndi chithunzithunzi. Ndipo ichi amakonda dongosolo granular nthaka. Zikomo kwa iye, M'maso awa madzi mkulu ndi permeability mpweya. Komabe, iwo sachedwa kukokoloka ndipo sangathe kusunga chinyontho zigawo zawo. Komanso, dothi la mchenga simuli bwino kutenthetsa. Iwo mwamsanga kwambiri utakhazikika.

Koma osati kokha simungathe kunena kuti dongosolo bwino nthaka ndi mchenga. Mu M'maso osauka awa moyo kwachilengedwenso. Ichi ndi chifukwa chosowa chinyezi ndi zakudya kwa tizilombo tikukhala mu dothi izi.

Kusintha nthaka mchenga

m'nthaka kuwala zonse kupanga kulumikiza ndi kusindikiza zigawo kubala kukolola. Kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro ya kapangidwe nthaka choikidwa mapapo, izo zimakhala zotheka mwa kuwasakaniza ndi peat kapena silty formations frass kapena dongo. Izi lembani pores pakati pa particles mchenga. Ndipo kwa zikamera zachilengedwe kuwapangitsa kuti mbewu kwachilengedwenso adzafunika oyamba a humus ndi manyowa.

Makamaka dothi mchenga tiyenela kuiganizila nkhani ya patsogolo fetereza. dothi kuwala ali mwangwiro anadutsa chinyezi amatsuka mwa iwo mbali zonse zothandiza. N'chifukwa chake feteleza pa minda awa ntchito kokha kudya ndi kuwapanga iwo kawirikawiri, koma mabuku ang'ono.

nthaka pafupifupi

Loamy lapansi ndi yabwino kwambiri ulimi ndi maluwa. Iwo kukhala bwino nthaka dongosolo, kumene kusiyana pogona mu mbewu lumpiness. The zikuchokera nthaka ndi olimba, mokwanira particles lalikulu, ndi dusts zigawo chabwino. Land pa minda ngati N'zosavuta ntchito. Pambuyo akulima asakhale wothinikizidwa ndipo alibe kupanga clumps olimba.

Mu loamy dothi zambiri mchere ndi zakudya, katundu amene imalipidwa mwa tizilombo yogwira. dothi oterowo mkulu mpweya permeability ndi madzi. Iwo ali mwangwiro lofotokozabe chinyezi, komanso mofulumira ndi uniformly kutenthetsa ndi dzuwa. Chifukwa hydration kusamala loam anakhalabe kutentha zonse.

Kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro m'nthaka pafupifupi

Pofuna kukhala mwa kundipatsako kwa zakudya pa mlingo woyenera, loamy dziko ayenera kukhala nthawi manyowa. Zina mchere kapena organic feteleza ndi purposefully pambuyo kuyambirira kusanthula olimapo boma.