Mitundu ndi mitundu ya mapampu, makhalidwe awo

Likutchedwa hayidiroliki mpope chipangizo kwa suction kapena kumaliseche kuthamanga kusuntha madzimadzi mwa uthenga kunja izo kayendedwe kapena kuthekera mphamvu.

Mitundu ya mapampu madzi kusiyana ndi magawo awo alipo luso, monga:

• kuchuluka kwa madzimadzi chimene chimatichititsa mpope pa nthawi wagawo;
• otukuka kuthamanga kapena chipsyinjo pazipita;
• Mwachangu;
• mphamvu.

Mbiri anatulukira

Mitundu woyamba mwa mapampu anaonekera mu 1 m'ma BC. e. Iwo anathandiza wozimitsa moto. Komabe, mpaka m'ma 18. zipangizo amenewa ntchito kwambiri kawirikawiri.

Zinthu zinasintha pambuyo Kutulukira injini nthunzi ndipo kuchuluka kwa madzi. yosiyanasiyana mapampu anayamba m'malo zochotsa zipangizo madzi ndi ankagwiritsa ntchito zochitika za anthu. M'kupita kwa nthawi, zofuna njira hayidiroliki akukhala zambiri zosiyanasiyana. Ndi chitukuko cha malingaliro luso ndi Powafotokozera mitundu ikuluikulu mwa mapampu. Amenewa anaphatikizapo reciprocating, makina ndi makina, popanda anasamutsa matupi ntchito.

Kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi zinachititsa chakuti pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mapampu alipo lero. Kodi iwo ali, cholinga chawo chachikulu, tikambirana chiyani m'nkhani ino.

Banja ndi mafakitale makina hayidiroliki

Panopa mitundu alipo mwa mapampu ndi gulu osiyana. Mmodzi wa iwo nkhawa kuchuluka kwa ntchito zipangizo ngati ndipo amasankha banja ndi mafakitale. Woyamba wa makina amenewa ntchito zimbudzi, Kutentha ndi madzi mu zogona ndi mafakitale malo.

mapampu Industrial ukunenedwa ntchito ndi maboma osiyanasiyana ndi makhazikitsidwe. Iwo amagwiritsa ntchito kupereka madzi ndi mafuta ikukoka zinthu aukali, komanso zina zambiri zimene anachita.

Zabwino kusamutsidwa mpope

Gawo lina la makina hayidiroliki amaganizira kapangidwe awo ntchito. Kodi ndi mitundu iti ya mapampu mu nkhani iyi, ndi waukulu? Ndi azithunzi omwe tikunena atatu ndi zazikulu makina hayidiroliki.

The oyamba ndi ntchito thupi chipinda. Mu zotsatira za mphamvu kuthamanga akuwuka izo zimasiyanasiyana mu Volume, imbaenda amakakamizidwa kusamutsidwa wothandizira.

mapampu onse kusamutsidwa (mitundu, mitundu tiganizire) lakonzedwa kupulumutsa madzi viscous. Mfundo ntchito makina onga zachokera kusintha kwa mphamvu. Imafalikira ku galimoto kwa madzimadzi.

Zabwino kusamutsidwa mapampu ndi paipi. Ntchito yawo ndi kugwedera lalikulu zikachitika, umene chipangizo Kuthetsa aikidwa pa m'munsi chachikulu. Komabe, mwayi mapampu izi chagona mu mphamvu awo okwezeka. zipangizo amenewa angathe mayamwidwe youma.

Mitundu ya mapampu zabwino kusamutsidwa

Pali zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zimene thupi ntchito ndi kamera. Ena mwa iwo ndi mayunitsi amenewa:

1. Makina. Iwo mapampu kukhala nyumba anakonza amene akachita vanes, masamba, ndi zinthu zina zofanana. kusamutsidwa madzimadzi, mu nkhani iyi kumathandiza kuti kayendedwe ka rotors lapansi.
2. Zida. Iyi ndi njira yosavuta ya mpope ndi kusamutsidwa yaukapolo. zipangizozi kusuntha buku madzimadzi mu ndondomeko ya kusintha magiya cavities interlinked.
3. Impeller. Ngati wina akuyang'ana pa mpope ngati zidutswa, ife tisakwanisa kuona masamba impeller amene anapanga zinthu zotanuka. Iwo lili mkati thupi eccentric. Kodi chimachitika pamene ntchito chipangizo chotero? masamba zosinthira ndi atembenuza, ndi kusamutsidwa madzimadzi.
4. Kamera. Mu mapampu izi zimachitika palokha kasinthasintha wa rotors awiri, ndi zimene zimalimbikitsa kayendedwe madzimadzi kudzera m'chipinda processing. Kamera asilikali ankagwiritsa ntchito kupanga mkaka, zakumwa, sachedwa chifukwa ndi zina zotero. D. zikomo Zonsezi ndi luso kutulutsa madzi ndi inclusions lalikulu. Komanso, mtundu uwu wa mpope ntchito makampani mankhwala.
5. Peristaltic. Izi mapampu chachikulu ntchito gawo ndi multilayer kusintha malaya zopangidwa elastomer. Pamene galimoto chonchi chipangizo atembenuza kutsinde ndi odzigudubuza lapansi. Iwo clamped wamanja, zomwe gulu madzimadzi, ili mkati.
6. Wononga. Pankhani ya mpope uwu ndi anaikapo zopangidwa elastomer stator. Ndi zitsulo ozungulira ndi mawonekedwe helical. Kodi Pankhaniyi adzakhala ikukoka madzimadzi? Analepheretsa pa galimoto ozungulira wayamba atembenuza, kusintha voliyumu ya cavities mkati. Zikatero ndi kusamutsidwa madzi.

mapampu zazikulu

Zipangizo izi, yodziwika ndi kusintha awiri a mphamvu. Poyamba, iye anasamutsa kwa madzi mu mawonekedwe kayendedwe. Pamene makina amenewa mpope kumawonjezera otaya liwiro lake. Komanso, pali kutembenuka tsankho mphamvu ya madzi mu mawonekedwe malo amodzi. Pamene mlingo uwu otaya amachepetsa ndi kuthamanga kuwonjezeka. zipangizo amenewa, monga kuyenera chochuluka, sangabereke suction youma.

makina makina hayidiroliki

Tiyeni tikambirane mitundu ya mapampu zazikulu. Ambiri mwa zimenezi ndi zipangizo centrifugal. mapampu awa ntchito kupereka madzi otentha kapena ozizira, komanso ikukoka madzi ndewu ndi viscous, madzi zinyalala ndi zosakaniza madzi ndi slag, nthaka, peat ndi zina zotero. D.

Kodi ntchito ya mpope centrifugal? Lili pakati pa onsewo masamba impeller, particles madzi amapangidwa ndi mphamvu yake kayendedwe. Choncho pali mphamvu centrifugal. Iye akusunthira madzi zambiri pa galimoto nyumba. ntchito izi zikuchitika mosalekeza kuyamika kuthamanga, amene amaonetsetsa chakudya nthawi zonse madzi zatsopano particles mpope.

Malinga ndi cholinga mapampu centrifugal anawagawira mu:

• ntchito zomera matenthedwe mphamvu zikugwira ntchito zida;
• zolinga zosiyanasiyana luso.

mitundu ya mapampu centrifugal, gulu loyamba linali chiyani? Zipangizo ntchito kufalitsidwa madzi, ogaŵikana aziyenda ndi recirculation. Mapampu amene anaika kutentha, ogaŵikana kukatentha ndi maukonde. Pokonzekera madzi akumwa ntchito condensate mapampu centrifugal ndi Motors servo mu turbines dongosolo kudya nthunzi - jekeseni.

Amene zipangizo ntchito zolinga zosiyanasiyana mafakitale? Ndi mitundu ya mapampu centrifugal monga bizinesi, moto, ngalande ndi monga D..

Posachedwapa pakhala zatsopano zipangizo zimenezi. Pakati pawo makamaka wotchuka mapampu mchenga centrifugal. Iwo amagwiritsa ntchito ikukoka wa slurries. N'chifukwa chake mapampu awa amene anaika mu malo kumene mchenga mmadzi, komanso mitundu yonse ya zolimba chiyambi mafakitale.

Swirl chipangizo hayidiroliki

Izi mapampu makhalidwe zazikulu zofanana ndi centrifugal, koma mosiyana iwo, ali ndi mwayi wochepa thupi ndi miyeso. Mwa zolakwa mwa mapampu ndi mmene kanyamaka amatha kusiyanitsa Mwachangu otsika, amene ntchito ndi ndalama zochepa khumi ndi zisanu. Komanso, malangizo amenewa sangathe kutulutsa madzi okhala ndi tinthu abrasive, chifukwa kumabweretsa avale mofulumira mbali mkati.

Kwakusiyana chipangizo hayidiroliki

mapampu amenewa, mosiyana ndi makina ena ambiri ofanana sangathe kulenga overpressure pa kubwereketsa lapansi. Mfundo amagwirira ntchito zawo yafupika kusintha kwa mphamvu ndi kuthekera mphamvu kayendedwe a madzimadzi. Mu nkhani iyi, kwakusiyana mpope ali mbali palibe avundulidwe. Limagwirira zofunika ntchito mu zipangizo za mtundu - madzi kapena mpweya ndege.

mapampu amenewa angakhale ndi madzi ndege (mwachitsanzo, hydroelevators). Mu ntchito anasamutsidwa madzimadzi mphamvu yake kayendedwe kwa thunthu amawapopa. Pakati ndege mapampu kumeneko ndi airlifts. Iwo kompresa aziwapatsa mpweya kwambiri. Komanso osakaniza madzi yotengeka ndi zochotsa mphamvu ya mpweya thovu.

mapampu madzi

zipangizozi ndi nambala ya zamoyo. Koma makamaka, akatswiri m'kagulu monga anafunira. Mwachitsanzo, mitundu ya mapampu kwa madzi awa:

• Kufalitsidwa ntchito kukakamiza madzimadzi mu kachitidwe mpweya, otentha madzi ndi magetsi;
• madzi zochotsa zofunika kuchotsa madzi kuchokera mzitsime ndi zitsime zimene adalowetsedwa ndi padziko;
• Ngalande ntchito ikukoka madzi m'zitsime, sewers ndi zapansi.

Mitundu ya mapampu kwa akatswiri padziko-mtundu madzi agawanika pa ntchito:

• pressurization;
• madzi ozizira;
• wozimitsa kachitidwe.

Kusankha mapampu, mitundu, maonekedwe, ndi magawo ena a chipangizo ayenera n'komwe, malingana kopita kwawo. Nde nthawi zina makina adzagwira ntchito mu mapangidwe kumbali-yekha. Ndipo nthawi zina, mwayi wake kwa magetsi adzakhala anapereka.

N'chifukwa chake pali mitundu amenewa mwa mapampu madzi kuthamanga pa injini kuyaka mkati. Iwo amatchedwa mapampu galimoto. Komabe, iwo anawagawa petulo ndi dizilo. Pali mapampu magetsi. ntchito yawo amadalira pa kotunga voteji.

Komabe, akuluakulu gulu mapampu za tanthauzo la kumalo iwo amakhala wachibale yobweretsa gwero. Mu njira iyi, ndipo iwo zidzasankhidwa padziko mbazimala kufa m'madzi. Taganizirani mitundu ya zipangizo mwatsatanetsatane.

mapampu pamwamba

zipangizozi ankagwiritsa ntchito zing'onozing'ono, nyumba dziko ndi nyumba dziko. Iwo ntchito kuonjezera kuthamanga mu dongosolo madzi komanso ulimi m'dziko ulimi wothirira. Ndi thandizo lawo kuukitsa madzi pa malo lotseguka oyenerera pa mtunda wa mamita asanu ndi atatu kuchokera mpope olamulira.

Pali mitundu yambiri ya zipangizozi. Mwachitsanzo, mwa njira ikukoka madzi ndi chipangizo mkati anawagawira mu mmene kanyamaka ndi ng'oma, ngalande ndi makope, komanso kutonthoza (centrifugal). Wotchuka kwambiri pakati truckers lolimba mitundu iwiri. mayunitsi ndi yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, yaying'ono ndi ndalama, ndipo pamene kulumikiza iwo dongosolo yeniyeni zokha amalandira siteshoni zonse.

mapampu pamwamba zigwirizana zigawo izi:

1. Payipi. Mtundu uwu wa aquifer njira kuchokera kumene mwachindunji madzimadzi kudya kwa mpope kenako tigwirizane ndi dongosolo la madzi, kapena kuti akokere.
2. Ejector. Izi chipangizo wapadera anafuna kusintha otaya ndi kuthamanga ya mpope ndi kuwonjezeka kuya suction.
3. Nyumba. Nthawi zambiri ambiri yopangidwa ndi zisulo gulu, chitsulo adaponya, zotayidwa kapena zosapanga dzimbiri zitsulo. Pamene unit mwa chaka m'nyengo yozizira thupi amafunika kuteteza kuzizira.
4. Engine. Kungakhale kuyaka mkati kapena magetsi. Zidalira pa mtundu wa mpope.

kufalitsidwa mapampu

Mtundu uwu wa mayunitsi pamwamba chipangizo chipangizo. Iwo amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu yoyenda yokha machitidwe Kutentha kwa amakakamizidwa kayendedwe ka madzi mu dera chatsekedwa ndipo kukhalabe kutentha zonse m'menemo.

Ndi mamangidwe, iwo ndi nyumba ndi anamanga-mu chitsulo kapena ceramic ozungulira ndi kutsinde ndi masamba.

Mitundu zotsatirazi makope mapampu lero:

• ndi "chonyowa" ozungulira;
• ndi "wouma" ozungulira.

The oyamba pafupifupi noiseless, ndalama, mtengo ndiponso yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito. mchitidwe wawo inamangidwa kuti madzi amene lubricates mbali zonse ndi imodzi akamazizira injini. Koma mayunitsi ali ndi mwayi kwambiri. mfundo ndi yakuti pamene madzi aziyenda kuchotsa zikhoza galimoto kutenthedwa. Komanso, dzuwa mayunitsi amenewa ndi otsika kwambiri.

mitundu yonse ya kutentha mpope makope mtundu, ndi "wouma" ozungulira ndi anamanga-fani. galimoto zawo amapanga olekanitsidwa ndi madzi madzi. Pankhaniyi, kondomu zigawo zonse kusuntha imagwiridwa ndi mafuta.

Nayenso mapampu amenewa anawagawa:

• wokwera, imene injini umachoka alumikizana ndi;
• monoblock, mmene nyumba ndi galimoto komanso kulekanitsidwa koma nthawi yomweyo mu chipika limodzi;
• okhala pakati-mapampu kuti ndi osiyana yapita awiri okhulupirika ake okwezeka.

mapampu Submersible

mayunitsi n'zofunika milandu kumene zigawo madzi anakaika pa akuya choposa 8 m. Submersible mapampu ndi adatchithisira mu wellbore ndi chitoliro kuthamanga. Komanso, opanikizika kwaiye chipangizo hayidiroliki, madzi akulowa m'nyumbamo.

mitundu yonse mwa mapampu submersible mkulu-ntchito Komanso, ndi wogwira mtima ndi apamwamba kuzirala. Malinga ndi chipangizo ake mkati mapampu Submersible anawagawira mu:

• centrifugal, imene madzi zimayenda pamodzi ndi masamba impeller ndi kudyetsedwa pansi kuthamanga;
• kugwedera, imene madzi imatsala chifukwa kugwedera ndi limagwirira mu atomu.

mapampu amenewa zigwirizana casing ndi, galimoto ndi magetsi. The ngalande ndi sewerage mpope ali Komanso anaika ndi wowaza kapena macerator cholinga chake ndi kuchepetsa madzi kukhala mu zolimba kuti amakhala akuluakulu kuposa masentimita 5.

Hydro-luso moto kumenyana zida

Kuti mapampu ndi ntchito kutanthauzira moto, amafuna wapadera. Kuyambira zinalengedwera ulemerero ndi magawo luso izo kumadalira kupambana mkanganowo moto.

ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mapampu moto chiyani? Izi zidalira pa zinthu othetsa. Choncho, injini moto unit a mtundu centrifugal. Akutumikira wozimitsa wothandizila popanda pulsations musati kuwonjezera kuthamanga pa zalomke kapena zinyalala moto payipi, losavuta ndi odalirika ntchito.

N'kofunikanso kuti mapampu centrifugal wokwera pa injini moto sitingafunikire kutero zovuta galimoto lotengeka ndi ndi kulemera wotsika ndi miyeso. Komabe, mayunitsi ndi zina zabwino. Iwo sangathe paokha jambulani madzimadzi ndi wokonzeka ntchito pokhapo ladzala ndi madzi suction mzere.

Kodi ena mitundu ya mapampu moto? Izi wothandiza mayunitsi. Iwo anatentha magalimoto. mapampu wothandiza kulola kudzaza thupi M'mimbamo wa limagwirira centrifugal ndi suction payipi ndi madzi. Ndicho chifukwa chake ntchito yawo ndi yochepa. iwo sakukhudzidwa pambuyo chiyambi cha mpope centrifugal. Monga zipangizo wothandiza ntchito aggregates ndi zina makina osindikizira.

mapampu mafuta

zipangizozi tinapangidwa kuchepetsa mphamvu mikangano pakati pa mbali yoyamikira injini. Mitundu yonse ya mapampu mafuta anawagawa mitundu iwiri. The oyamba chosinthika. Mu mapampu amenewa anzawo anakhalabe zonse ndi osiyanasiyana ntchito. The chachiwiri mtundu mafuta mapampu - mulibe malamulo oletsa. Iwo kukhalabe kuthamanga zonse, koma ndi thandizo la kupanikiza kuchepetsa valavu. injini zambiri zamakono amaveka ndi mapampu, atathana mtundu.

Mayunitsi kwa ikukoka mafuta ndi ali m'magulu malinga ndi dongosolo lawo. Ali:

• kukula zida, anakonza mu nyumba ndi galimoto ndi zida lotengeka;
• makina.

M'nthawi ya mitundu awiriwa zipangizo mafuta akulowa nyumba kumene entrained magiya. Komanso, kudzera valavu kumaliseche anawamvera mu dongosolo.

Magwiridwe a mpope amenewa ndi yolingana mwachindunji kwa pafupipafupi zimene crankshaft imazungulira. Pambuyo kuthamanga mu unit mafuta kumaliseche kuposa malire ena, ntchito umalowa kuthamanga kuchepetsa valavu. Chitadutsa gawo ena a mafuta pa tsamba suction kapena crankcase.

Koma mapampu makina, iwo ukhoza kukhala ndi ulamuliro amodzi ndi chosinthika. Mtundu woyamba wa mayunitsi ali ndi galimoto ndi rotors lotengeka kuti anayikidwa mu nduna ya. mbali awa ntchito misampha mafuta oyenda mu dongosolo. Komanso, monga mpope zida kusuntha zinthu amatsegula kuthamanga kuchepetsa valavu.

Makina mapampu ndi ulamuliro chosinthika, kupereka sanasiye kutiuza ntchito, zomwe sikudalira pa liwiro rotational wa crankshaft lapansi. Kugwiritsa nchito imeneyi Amawapatsa mu kusintha kasupe ndi stator makina. The zonse ntchito kuthamanga ndi kwaiye ndi kusintha buku wa M'mimbamo kuti ali pakati pa galimoto ndi rotors lotengeka.

mapampu mafuta

mayunitsi ndi zofunika, amene sakhoza opareshoni popanda injini aliyense mkati kuyaka. cholinga chawo chachikulu ndi kupulumutsa mafuta kapena dizilo ku thanki m'chipinda kuyaka.

Chimodzi kapena ziwiri mafuta mapampu - ndi zida kuvomerezedwa lililonse galimoto. mayunitsi kugwira ntchito, mfundo imene mwachuluka amadalira makhalidwe a zinalengedwera. ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mapampu mafuta chiyani? Waukulu awiri a iwo. Ali:

1. Mawotchi mafuta mpope. chipangizo Ichi ndi mbali ya injini carburettor. ndi tingachipeze powerenga pisitoni mpope mapulani ake. Mbali yaikulu ya wagawo ndi - kukhala nyumba mbali ziwiri, zakulera ndi mavavu ziwiri kupereka ndi kulandira mafuta.
2. Zamagetsi. Mtundu wa makina wapeza ntchito zake injini mafuta ndi osiyana jekeseni mafuta. Zamagetsi anaika kaya mwachindunji mu thanki kapena malo aliwonse a mafuta. Ambiri ntchito submersible mafuta ikuluikulu. Iwo anayikidwa pansi pa thanki. Ndiyeno mtundu wa mapampu mafuta kumaliseche magetsi anawagawa centrifugal, zida ndi ozungulira.

mitundu yambiri ya mapampu, ndi zipangizo zonsezi ankagwiritsa ntchito mu dera.