Akuluakulu kachipembedzo pansi Peter 1. Kusintha kwa Peter 1 mwachidule

Peter ndinakhala mu mbiri ya dziko lathu monga wokonzanso kwakukulu amene inakhala mwadzidzidzi kutembenukira moyo wa Russia. Mu ntchito iyi ndi iye chikufanana yekha ndi Vladimir Lenin ndi Alexander II. Pa 36 zaka kudzilamulira boma autocrat osati anasintha mthupi mwawo kuti ufumu wa Roma. Anasintha muzochitika zones za moyo national. Kukonza anakhudzidwa aliyense - kuchokera pokhala kwa njonda kuchokera Petersburg tikukonza.

Ine sindikufuna kukhala padera ndi Mpingo. Ndi ulamuliro wopanda malire pakati pa anthu, bungwe limeneli kwadziwika ndi conservatism ndi kulephera kusintha ndi kusokoneza mphamvu kukula kwa Peter. Conservatism ndi kutsatira miyambo ya ansembe sanaletse mfumu kusintha m'zipembedzo. Loyamba ndilochokera, ndithudi, Synod Orthodox. Koma kungakhale kulakwa kunena kuti kusintha pa.

State wa Mpingo pamaso kusintha kwa

Kusintha kwa Peter 1, Mwachidule, chifukwa cha mavuto osiyanasiyana m'dziko. Izi amachita kwa Mpingo. XVII m'ma zinali zodzaza ndi zipolowe zambiri kuphatikizapo pa malo achipembedzo. Atate Peter - Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich - anakumana ndi mabishopu, Nikon, amene anakhala kwambiri kusintha zinthu zokhudza zina mipingu ya Chikhristu. Izi zinapatsa mkwiyo wa anthu. Ambiri sufuna chikhulupiriro cha makolo awo ndipo kenako mlandu wotsutsana ndi tchalitchi. Splittism awonongedwa lero, koma m'zaka za m'ma XVIII vutoli anamva makamaka bwinobwino.

The nkhani yagona anali kufalitsidwa kwa mphamvu pakati pa mfumu ndi kholo lakale. Zimenezi zinali zoona, mwachitsanzo, agulupa m'mayiko ndi kuti dzina yemweyo (ie mautumiki), amene anayesa zonse kasamalidwe atsogoleri. Chotero kusokonezedwa mphamvu yakale anakwiya kholo, ndi nkhondo komanso limakhalabe lotsegula nthawi ya inalowa mpando wachifumu mwana wake Alexis.

Apatu Petulo kuti Mpingo

Ndipotu, nthawi ya Peter 1 pankhani za chipembedzo anapitiriza malamulo a bambo wake. The mawonedwe wa autocrat latsopano kwakukulukulu anapanga mchikakamizo cha maphunziro, komanso ansembe a Kyiv mzindawo, umene linalanda ku Moscow Orthodox mu 1688. Kuwonjezera apo, iye anali kutali ndi zolinga za moyo wachikhristu Komanso, anakwanitsa kupita Aprotestanti Europe, kumene ubale atsogoleri anali m'magulu molingana ndi dongosolo latsopano, analenga pambuyo Reformation. Mwachitsanzo, tisaiwale kuti Mfumu wamng'ono anaonerera chidwi zinachitikira korona English, pamene mfumu ndi mutu ndi onse m'deralo Church of England.

Akuluakulu kachipembedzo pansi Peter 1 kumayambiriro kwa ulamuliro wake - atsogoleriwa, amene anali akadali ndi mphamvu zambiri ndipo kudziyimira pawokha. Mfumu zoona, sanali ndipo anafuna pa dzanja limodzi kuti agonjetse atsogoleri onse apamwamba mwachindunji yokha, koma ena - amaonedwa ndi distaste chiyembekezo kuyendera Moscow pa Papa wake. Guardian la mpando wachifumu wa St. Paulo sakunena kuvomereza mphamvu ndi winawake. Ankafunanso Mwachitsanzo, Nikon ndi Alexis.

Sitepe yoyamba ya mfumu achinyamata kugona ndi atsogoleri Orthodox, ndi kuletsa ntchito yomanga mchitidwe latsopano Siberia. The lamulo ndi pachibwenzi 1699 chaka. Ukangotha, kumpoto nkhondo ndi Sweden, omwe nthawi zonse kusokonezeka pa kufunsa Peter kugona ndi Orthodoxy.

Kujambula mutu locum tenens

Mkulu wa mabishopu Adrian anafa, mfumu anasankha tenens locum wa mabishopu mu 1700. Anakhala Metropolitan wa Ryazan Stefan Yavorsky. Iwo analoledwa m'malo Hadrian basi athane ndi "nkhani ya chikhulupiriro". Umene ukugwira mpatuko ndi kupembedza. mphamvu zina zonse anagawanika pakati mabishopu, malamulo. Izi likukhudza kwambiri choyamba kubadwa kwa ntchito zachuma m'mayiko Mpingo. Nkhondo ndi Sweden akulonjeza yaitali, chuma boma chofunika, ndipo mfumuyo sinditi kusiya "ansembe" ndalamazo. Mwamwayi kenako, iwo anali wochenjera kusuntha. Posachedwa parishi mabelu nayamba kuwatumiza ku ng'anjo kwa mfuti yatsopano. Akuluakulu kachipembedzo pansi Peter 1 alibe kubzikhotcera.

Locum Tenens analibe mphamvu palokha. Pa zinthu zonse zofunika iye anali kufunsa mabishopu ena, ndi malipoti onse anatumiza mwachindunji kwa mfumu. Pa nthawi ya kusintha akhala zii.

Pa nthawi yomweyo chinawonjezeka kufunika kwa kuti kumene kumakhala Amonke. Makamaka, anauzidwa kulamulira mwambo wakale Russian - kumapempha. Opusa ndi napemphapempha anakhudzidwa ndi kutengedwera kwa dongosolo. Analangidwa amene adapatsa anthu zachifundo, kaya ndi udindo waukulu pakati pa anthu. Monga ulamuliro, munthu alandira chilango.

Kupanga Synod

Pomaliza, mu 1721 Woyera Bungwe Synod analengedwa. Pakati pake penipeni, wasanduka analogue ya Senate wa Russian Ufumu, umene unali udindo mphamvu wamkulu, kukhala chiwalo apamwamba a boma, mwachindunji pansi pa mfumu.

Synod mu Russia anatanthauza maudindo monga pulezidenti ndi wachiwiri wake. Ngakhale kuti posakhalitsa zimafika, koma kusuntha sakanakhoza kukhala ziwonetsero bwino chizolowezi Peter I ntchito ya kumapeto kwa nduna, ndiye kulenga tithe latsopano, posakhala nako kanthu kochita ndi m'mbuyomu. Pulezidenti woyamba anali Stefan Yarovskaya. ulamuliro ngakhalenso mphamvu sanagwiritse ntchito. Wotsatila mutsogoleli woyang'anira ntchito. M'mawu ena, anali Auditor General, amene anauza mfumu ya zonse zimene zikuchitika dipatimenti.

malo ena

Panalinso udindo wa wozenga akulu omwe okhudza ubale wa dongosolo latsopano ndi anthu, komanso anali ndi ufulu kuvota ndi lobbied zofuna za korona.

Monga mu mautumiki yakuthupi, Sinodi anali fiscals zawo zauzimu. dera ya chikoka anali zinthu zonse zauzimu dziko. Adamuyang'anira kukwaniritsidwa kwa malamulo achipembedzo, ndi zina zotero. D.

Monga tanenera kale, Synod analengedwa monga analogue ya Senate, choncho nthawi zonse amakhala naye. Link pakati pa magulu awiri wakhala wothandizira wapadera amene anapulumutsa malipoti ndipo anali ndi udindo ubwenzi.

Ndili ndi udindo zimene Synod

Synod ya udindo zikuphatikizapo pankhani atsogoleri ndi zokhudza anthu wamba. Makamaka, akuluakulu kachipembedzo pansi Peter 1 kuthandiza mipingu ya Chikhristu, ndi kuthetseratu malodza. M'pofunikanso kunena za maphunziro. Synod pansi Peter 1 anali pophunzitsa woyang'anira mabuku mabungwe osiyanasiyana ophunzitsa.

atsogoleri yakuthupi

Pa mwa maganizodwe a Peter atsogoleri yakale anali kukhala chida cha boma, lomwe zidzakhudza misa ndi kutsatira chikhalidwe chake wauzimu. Mu mawu ena, anali opangidwa ndi gulu lomwelo bwino ndi malamulo monga anthu otchuka ndi gulu la wamalonda, ndi zolinga zake ndi ntchito.

atsogoleri Russian m'mbiri ake m'mbuyomu ndi kusiyana ndi kugula ake kwa anthu. Ilo silinali ansembe Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira. M'malo mwake, pakhoza kuyamba pafupifupi aliyense. Pachifukwa ichi, mu dziko panali zotsala ansembe ambiri amene asiya kutumikira mu parishi ndi anayamba kupemphapempha. Atumiki a mpingo udziwika "sacral". Chosowa lamulo la chilengedwe, ndithudi, chinachake kuchokera wamba nthawi ya Peter 1.

Kuyamba ndi okhwima malamulo, chimene utumiki wa wansembe yekha kutamanda mfumu yatsopano ya kusintha. Synod pansi Peter 1 inaika lamulo obliging boma kuuza confessor, ngati munthu anavomereza kuti chibvomerezo cha boma upandu, kapena mwano korona. Indomitable ndi kuphedwa.

maphunziro mpingo

audits ambiri akhala ikuchitika, mapangidwe a njuga ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo. chifukwa awo anali kukana chachikulu cha ulemu ndi kuchepetsa kalasi. Akuluakulu kachipembedzo pansi Peter 1 anayambitsa ndi codified malamulo atsopano kulandira ansembe. Komanso, tsopano aliyense parishi akanangokhala nako nambala inayake ya madikoni, ndipo si munthu mmodzi kwambiri. Likufanana ndi uyu anali chosavuta ndondomeko mu ofesi yawo.

Ponena za mapangidwe mpingo kotala loyamba la m'zaka XVIII, m'pofunika kuona kutsegula yogwira shopuyo mu 20s lapansi. Latsopano sukulu anaonekera mu Nizhny Novgorod, Kharkov, Tver, Kazan, Kolomna, Pskov ndiponso mizinda ina ya ufumu watsopano. Pulogalamuyi inkakhala makalasi 8. Anyamata uko unatengedwa ndi mawonekedwe koyamba.

atsogoleri zonse

Black atsogoleri anakhalanso chinthu, zomwe anauzidwa kusintha kwa Peter 1. Mwachidule, moyo zimasintha mchitidwe umenewu kusanduka zolinga zitatu. Choyamba, chiwerengero chawo chakhala utachepa. Kachiwiri, kukuchepetsa mwayi ulemu. Chachitatu, amonke otsala anali kulandira othandizanso.

Chifukwa cha ichi chinali ubwenzi wa mfumu kusakonda kwa ansembe. Ichi chinali chifukwa cha mlili zochitika ana amene anali zigawenga. Komanso, mfumu inali kutali kudzipatula njira ya moyo. Kusala ndi pemphero iye ankakonda kuchita. N'zosadabwitsa kuti iye anali kumanga ngalawa, ntchito monga kalipentala, ndipo mchitidwe umenewu si ankakonda.

Pofuna kuti mabungwe mwabweretsa anthu ena adzapindula bwanji ndi boma, Peter analamula kuti redo iwo mu zipatala, mafakitale, masukulu ndi zina zotero. D. Koma moyo wa ansembe ndi zovuta kwambiri. Makamaka, Iwo ankaletsedwanso kusiya mpanda wa malo ake mbadwa. Amajomba kwadzaoneni.

Zotsatira za kusintha mpingo ndi tsogolo ake anapitiriza

Peter ndinali kuima States ndiponso malinga ndi chikhulupiriro ichi Kodi gudumu atsogoleri achipembedzo dongosolo wonse. Poganizira yekha mwini yekha wa mphamvu mu dziko, Iye analanda Orthodox la mphamvu iliyonse, ndipo pamapeto pake inawonongedwa kukonza.

Kale zambiri lotayirira la kusintha pambuyo pa imfa ya mfumu anali anathetsa, koma contours ambiri a dongosolo anapitiriza kulibe mpaka 1917 ndi kudza kwa ulamuliro wa Bolsheviks. Anthu, poyamba, mu mabodza ake odana Catholic ankagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri chifanizo cha Peter Ine, kutamanda kufunitsitsa kwake Kumvetsela boma Orthodox.