Mandawo chikhalidwe: kufotokoza, mbiri, makhalidwe ndi mfundo zosangalatsa

Mu expanses wa lalikulu la Volga Mtsinje North Caucasus apeza mazana manda, amene zaka Akuti zaka zoposa zikwi zinayi. Nations moyo nthawi m'deralo, ogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe wamba, wotchedwa mandawo. Ndi wapadera tsiku zimenezi zathandiza kwambiri cha zinsinsi. Mfundo zimenezi mandawo chikhalidwe, kupita nkhani nkhaniyi.

Opangidwa ndi m'mapanga zachilengedwe

Musanayambe kukambirana, ndi kumveketsa tanthauzo la mawu akuti "mphanga". Mu Russian izo lachokera ku catacomba Italy, komanso Latin catacumba, kuti nthawi zonse amatanthauza "mobisa m'manda." Ndipo palibe mwangozi chifukwa mphanga za m'nthaka - si kanthu koma phanga lalikulu zina mwachibadwa zikuchitika kapena kuti zimachitika nthawi zonse yokumba.

Iwo akhoza anasiya miyala ndi ngalande yaitali convoluted kapena mapanga zachilengedwe, chikugwirizana ndi dongosolo kuipidwa wa makonde ndi tambirimbiri. Apa pali chinachake awo ndipo anasankha aike akufa anthu anzawo a m'nthawi lotchedwa pakati Mkuwa Age, kuphimba nthawi XXV-XX m'ma BC. e.

Pomwepo tisaiwale kuti zakale zokumba pansi, kuwonjezera pa mfundo yonena za "mandawo chikhalidwe" pali mawu akuti "Dzenje Manda Culture" imene unakambidwanso mogwirizana ndi khalidwe la manda akale. N'kosavuta kwa ndikuganiza kuti anthu amene chikhalidwe kugwa pansi tanthauzo limeneli, ankakonda kugwiritsa ntchito ngati manda si mobisa labyrinths, ndi dzenje, kumene womwalirayo anaikidwa ndi kumanga pamwamba pa chitunda - ndi chitunda molondola kuteteza manda kwa wakubayu.

Kuthi munthu Archeologist Russian

Mu zinthu zofukulidwa amadziwika ngati ganizo la "mandawo chikhalidwe". Bukuli lili ndi kufanana kwa zikhalidwe za mafuko okhala mu yaitali mbiri ya steppe ndi zone nkhalango-steppe, anakafika ku malire m'munsi mwa Don ku North Caucasus ndi Urals. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mawu anadzetsa makope Russian wasayansi VA Gorodtsov chinkhoswe mu phunziro la manda akale mu zaka zoyambilira za m'ma XX.

Chofukula n'chodabwitsa mu North Donets, asayansi atulukira kumanda anapanga mphanga za m'nthaka. nyumba izi manda enieni kwambiri inkakhala ndi kutsinde ofukula wopita ku yopingasa kulowera ndipo manda chipinda. Kuti kapangidwe ka njira imeneyi m'manda analola kuitana mandawo awo odzipereka chikhalidwe.

Mandawo zosiyanasiyana chikhalidwe

kafukufuku Kenako yasonyeza kuti dera lino ndi sakanikira kwambiri kapangidwe ndi tichipeza munthu zikhalidwe pofukula, amene ali m'dera, mwachitsanzo, yofanana m'deralo. Mwachitsanzo, mandawo chikhalidwe Kuban, kuzindikira nyengo m'dera ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, kwambiri n'zosiyana ndi zimene angapezeke mu Caucasus.

Tikumbukenso kuti olemba mbiri yakale palibe kugwirizana za chiyambi cha chikhalidwe mandawo. Ochita kafukufuku amakhulupirira kuti ndi malo amene Caucasus, mu maganizo a ena, iye anaonekera pamodzi ndi mafuko, amene anadza pa chiyambi cha Mkuwa Age Cyprus. Komabe, mfundo yaikulu mokomera aliyense mfundo awa. Chibvuto tenable amanena za ubwenzi wake ndi chikhalidwe drevneyamnoy.

Zochita za chikhalidwe mandawo

Kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti kuthetsa anthu otsata ammudzi mandawo, yomwe makamaka promontories mkulu mtsinje, ovuta zokhalamo. Mitsinje anali omasuka msipu, zomwe zathandiza kuchita ulimi nyama, ndi maziko a chuma chawo. Wina Mbali yofunika kwambiri ya moyo wa anthu akale kusodza. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi zofukulidwa, chimene chinachitika mu malo midzi wakale apezeka mafupa ambiri a nsomba komanso anali Pet - ng'ombe, nkhosa ndi akavalo.

Mandawo chikhalidwe cha Mkuwa Age amakhala ndi msinkhu ndi mkulu wa zipangizo kupanga ndi zida. Monga zotsatira za kuwunika mankhwala opezeka pa malo, iwo anapangidwa zamkuwa sera Caucasus. Amenewa anali nkhwangwa, daggers ndi mipeni leafy. Koma nawo pamodzi manambala mwachilungamo ikuluikulu komanso anapeza zida mwala, monga maces, nkhwangwa ndi arrowheads.

Ngakhale kuti chikhalidwe mandawo inachokera pa nyama husbandry ndi nsomba, ulimi nayenso ankaimba zina, ngakhale ntchito zing'onozing'ono mu n'zodalirika a m'mudzimo. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi zopezeka zedi yaing'ono, zida m'malo wosazindikira ulimi - tentha mthupi makasu, zikwakwa, metate ndi chikwakwa woboola pakati mwala mipeni. Mobwerezabwereza maliro anawapeza ndi mbewu mapira.

Woyendayenda pa Reyn Ine V Italy

Pakati anapezazo ena Atchule nkhwangwa anapanga zamkuwa, ndi kukhala inabala kwa kuphatikana pa amangomvera awo matabwa. Masiku amenewo kunali kotheka kwa amatchula luso mkulu. Zofanana ankatha kuona ngati anthu a m'chigawo chapakati ndi chakumpoto Europe.

Ochita kafukufuku amakhulupirira kuti anthu steppe angakubwezereninso, anakonza ulendo wautali, kufika kugombe la Italy ndi Rhine. Mwa njira, galimoto anali - limodzi la mandawo maliro a dera Rostov pa zafukulidwa ndi anatulukira otha ngolo, ndi pafupi ndi izo - mafupa kavalo, amene ambiri, ndi zambiri.

Social stratification wa anthu akale

chikhalidwe mandawo amadziwikanso ndi khalidwe la lochitira bwino chuma cha anthu a m'nthawi imeneyo. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi kusiyana, amene anaona chiwerengero cha zinthu zosiyana, anaika pamodzi ndi womwalirayo kuti chipinda kumanda, ndipo anafuna kuti anakhala moyo wina pambuyo. Pamodzi ndi manda wolemera kwambiri, zikuoneka a atsogoleri kapena akulu, pali manda a pafupifupi wopanda katundu aliyense manda.

Komanso, mlingo kwambiri za stratification chikhalidwe cha anthu a amasonyeza mandawo m'dera miyeso chidwi nyumba kuikidwa ndi n'chodabwitsa manda pamanda a anthu amene anali ndi udindo wapamwamba anthu. Iwo amakhala nambala yaikulu ya nkhani zokhudzana ndi manda. Nthawi zambiri maliro ngati anauza makumi angapo mafupa kavalo. Mwachionekere, mahatchi wopita kulowa ndi kupambana wa womwalirayo moyo wina pambuyo. Onse limanena za dongosolo zovuta za anthu ndi mlingo wake mkulu wa bungwe chikhalidwe.

Manda a atsogoleri a mafuko

Zochita za chikhalidwe mandawo chingakhale chosakwanira ngati mulibe kukhala pa zimenezo, koma udindo wapamwamba m'dziko wotanganidwa ndi atsogoleri. Monga ulamuliro, ulamuliro lawo linayambira pa mafuko ambiri ndipo genera. Za kuti, momwe icho chinali udindo wawo akhoza adzaweruzidwa ndi kutalika kwa n'chodabwitsa, kutsanulira pa manda, ndipo manda okha polemba kukula kwake ndi kuchuluka wotsagana zinthu.

Kutsinde athandizira nthawi yaikidwa pa akuya ndithu, ndipo nthawi zambiri angapezeke anali mafupa a atumiki, mokakamiza aphedwe nam'manga kuchita monga mbuye m'dziko lotsatira. Mumadziwika manda, imene makoma a zipinda za maliro anali chokongoletsedwa ndi makalapeti ndi mphasa, ndi pafupi ndi mabwinja a mtsogoleri atamwalira malingaliro a mphamvu yake anagona - ndodo miyambo ndi zida zamtengo wapatali.

Pafupi ndi atsogoleri a magulu chikhalidwe

Tsatirani atsogoleri a asilikali lonse chikhalidwe azigwira. aikidwe m'manda malo, ngakhale zochepa zazikulu, komanso zadzadza ndi mitundu yonse ya zinthu zofunika dziko la akufa. zida izi osiyana - mkuwa ndi mwala nkhwangwa, mipeni ndi mwala arrowheads.

Oddly, koma masiku akale, wosiyana ndi ife ndi zaka zoposera zikwi zinayi, ndi chiwerengero cha anthu amwayi osema nkhawa anapangidwa magaleta. Pamene mbuye anafa, komanso m'manda pamodzi ndi mitundu yonse ya maulemu - akukonda zaka za munthu ntchito.

manda atsogoleri

A malo apadera mwa m'manda kugwira manda a ansembe, anali ochuluka kwambiri, koma chatsekedwa kwambiri Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira. chakuti mabwinja a membala wa gulu makamaka chikhalidwe, wodziŵa umboni wooneka mutu wake. chakuti ansembe tsogolo wokonzeka kuchita ntchito yawo chabwino m'masiku oyambirira a moyo. Ngakhale kutangoyamba iwo umangidwa zolimba mutu bandeji, zikubweretsa nthenda chitukuko cha mafupa achigaza. Motero, pa nthawi, ansembe anatenga maonekedwe a mutu vwende, icho chinali chizindikiro cha elitism.

manda amenewa akupezeka makamaka nkhani achipembedzo - frypot ndi khala nsembe, ndi zonunkhira zosiyanasiyana, wopangidwa mwa mawonekedwe a mbale pa miyendo, wokutidwa ndi ornamentation wolemera. manda awa zikachuluka poyamba mandawo chikhalidwe cha kumpoto Black Sea.

Kufanana ndi kusiyana kwa miyambo ya maliro

Masiku ano, pali zipilala ambiri, amene anasiya chikhalidwe mandawo. Ambiri a iwo anapezeka m'dera anakafika ku m'munsi Danube kwa Volga. Onse yodziwika ndi njira ambiri m'manda, imene womwalirayo anaikidwa m'chipinda mu nthambi kuchokera kutsinde athandizira. Koma kufanana nthawi zambiri, ndipo zinatha, monga mtundu uliwonse tikukhala mu chigawo chomwe mufuna, yodziwika ndi miyambo yawo ya maliro ndi miyambo.

Nthawi zina, manda trepan zigaza wodzazidwa ndi chisakanizo cha dongo ndipo ocher, komanso mafupa a womwalirayo anapezeka, atakulungidwa mu zimayambira zomera. M'manda ena mwake kanthu diso la zigaza wodzazidwa ndi dongo akuda. Ife tinali kupeza ndi awiri manda komwe mafupa bedi la amuna ndi akazi anaiika, ngati iwo anafuna kukhalabe limodzi pambuyo pa imfa.

Tsatanetsatane wa mwambo wa maliro

Popeza chikhalidwe mandawo - ndi choyamba, kufanana kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana mu ndondomeko la kuzikwirira akufa, ndiye kumaliza nkhani, kukambirana mwatsatanetsatane. Akamanena za miyambo inali motere: achibale a womwalirayo, pamaso kuwaza chitunda kukumba pansi kwambiri amakona anayi dzenje, kuti magawowa mbadwa imene, pa m'mbali mwa njira kapena magawo chiyani. Ndiye, pansi pa kutsinde la anakumba ndimeyi yopingasa, kenako limakonza kuikidwa m'chipinda-mandawo.

Womwalirayo anali atayikidwa pa bedi wapadera, kuwapatsa iwo kaimidwe crouched, chokhala malo a mwana wosabadwayo m'mimba. Ngati banja womwalirayo munthu anali ndi mwayi opereka katundu anafunika kukhala m'dziko la akufa kunathandiza kuti chipinda kumanda. Zotsatirazi athandizira izi mu kutseka mwala slab kapena zipika. Kenako chuma cha muyaya womwalirayo.