Ages Middle: makhalidwe ndi peculiarities

Zapakati ndi Kubadwa Kwatsopano - nthawi yowala mu mbiri ya anthu. Iwo amakumbukira zochitika zosiyanasiyana ndi kusintha. Kenako, ganizirani makamaka Middle Ages.

mwachidule

Middle Ages ndi mokwanira yaitali. Mwa chimango ake ndi zikamera ndi mapangidwe wotsatira wa chitukuko European ndi kusintha kwake - kusintha kwa nthawi yatsopano. Middle Ages ali linachokera ku kugwa kwa Western Roma (476) Komabe, malinga ndi akatswiri a masiku ano zambiri chilungamo zokulitsa malire isanafike 6 - kumapeto kwa zaka 8, pambuyo nkhondo ya Lombards ku Italy. Iwo anamaliza nyengo akale mu m'ma 17. Anatengera pachikhalidwe ankamuona ngati mapeto a nthawi ya bourgeois kusintha England. Komabe, Dziwani kuti atumwi wotsiriza ndi zosiyana kwambiri ndi akale chikhalidwe. Akatswiri amakonda kulekanitsidwa m'ma 16 - m'ma 17. Izi "palokha" gawo wogwirizira ankaimira nyengo oyambirira Ages Middle. Komabe, chimene periodization yapita m'malo ochiritsira.

Zochita za Ages Middle

Nthawi imeneyi, panali mapangidwe chitukuko European. Panthawi imeneyi, iwo amayamba angapo asayansi atulukira ndi malo, zizindikiro woyamba wa demokalase zamakono - parliamentarism. Akatswiri Russian, kukana kutanthauzira kwa nthawi akale monga nyengo ya "obscurantism" ndi "mibadwo ya mdima", kufunafuna kuunikila chodabwitsa komanso zimene zinachitika kusandulika Europe mu chitukuko zatsopano, monga bwinobwino mmene angathere. Iwo angabweretse mavuto angapo. Mmodzi wa iwo ndiye matanthauziro a makhalidwe ndi zachuma za chitukuko ang'onoang'ono. Komanso, ofufuza akuyesetsa kwambiri dziko lino Mkhristu wa Ages Middle.

kapangidwe Public

Iyo inali nthawi, imene kulamulidwa ndi mode ang'onoang'ono kupanga ndi zinthu za ulimi. Izi makamaka khalidwe la nthawi oyambirira. Society anayimiridwa mwa njira yeniyeni:

• Malo. Apa mwini kukwaniritsa kwambiri zosowa zawo zakuthupi mwa ntchito za anthu yozungulira.
• Obisika. Ku malo anali wolemekezeka chifukwa chakuti nthawi apa anakumana ndi anthu ophunzira amene amadziwa kulemba mabuku ndipo anali nthawi kutero.
• Royal Court. Anasamukira ku malo amodzi wina ndi bungwe kasamalidwe ndi moyo kutsatira chitsanzo cha zigawo wamba.

polity

Inakhalapo kaŵiri. Woyamba anali yodziwika ndi coexistence wa Roma ndi Germany kusinthidwa boma ndi nyumba ndale mu mawonekedwe a "maufumu wakunja". Pa 2 siteji boma ndi anthu ang'onoang'ono ndi dongosolo makamaka. M'kupita kwa stratification chikhalidwe ndi kukula mphamvu ya apamwamba tidakocheza pakati eni dziko - anthu ndi ambuye adanyamuka ubale wa subordination ndi ulamuliro. Middle Ages amakhala ndi kukhalapo kwa kapangidwe malo-makampani, akuwuka kuchokera kufunika magulu osiyana chikhalidwe. Udindo wofunika kwambiri nyimbo ndi bungwe la boma. Umateteza alionse ku mfulu kudzanso ang'onoang'ono ndi kumuopseza kunja. Pa nthawi yomweyo boma anali mmodzi wa exploiters waukulu wa anthu, chifukwa umaimira zofuna makamaka m'makalasi olamulira.

nthawi yachiwiri

Titamaliza akale Ages Middle wakhala mathamangitsidwe yofunika kwambiri zamoyo wa anthu. ntchito imeneyi chifukwa chitukuko ubale ndalama ndi kuwombola kupanga chinthu. Akupitiriza kuwonjezera phindu la mzinda, nthawi yoyamba anali akadali mu ulamuliro ndale ndi oyang'anira mu akuluakulu - wotchuka, ndiponso osamva - mu obisika a. Kenako, malamulo ake chitukuko zokhudzana mapangidwe malamulo mu nyuzipepala ina. Zimenezi adzakhala anazindikira chifukwa cha chilengedwe cha madera a m'tauni, kuteteza ufulu polimbana Ambuye kulamulira. Zinali ndiye kuti zinthu loyamba la tanthauzo demokalase chilungamo anayamba kutenga mawonekedwe. Komabe, mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti izo sizikanakhala bwino kufunafuna chiyambi cha mfundo malamulo a modernity yekha m'malo m'tawuni. Chofunika kwambiri anali oimira magulu ena. Mwachitsanzo, mapangidwe malingaliro za ulemu munthu wa kupita ku Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira ang'onoang'ono chikumbumtima ndipo poyamba anali wa khalidwe lolemera. Kuchokera pamenepa tinganene kuti ufulu demokalase zayambika kuchokera makalasi volnolyubiya chapamwamba.

Udindo wa Mpingo

chipembedzo cha Ages Middle ndi tanthauzo mabuku. Mpingo ndi chikhulupiriro kwathunthu ndi moyo wa munthu - kubadwa kwa imfa. Chipembedzo ankanena pa kayendetsedwe ka kampani, iye anachita ntchito zambiri, ndiye zapita boma. Mpingo wa nthawi unapangidwa bungwe pa malamulo okhwima masanjidwe. Pa mutu anali papa - Roma papa. Iwo anali boma yake ku Central Italy. M'mayiko onse European, mverani papa anali mabishopu ndi mabishopu. Onse a iwo anali wamkulu ang'onoang'ono ambuye, ndi wogwidwa maufumu lonse. Zinali kunsonga ya anthu ang'onoang'ono. Mchikakamizo cha chipembedzo ndi muzochitika zosiyana za ntchito anthu: sayansi, maphunziro ndi chikhalidwe cha Ages Middle. mphamvu zazikulu anaikira mu manja a mpingo. Ambuye ndi mafumu amene ankafunika thandizo lake ndi chithandizo, amapatsa ake ndi mphatso, maudindo, kuyesera kuti agule thandizo lake ndipo malo. Pa nthawi yomweyo ndi chipembedzo cha Zapakati anali pa zotsatira anthu zofiira. Mpingo adafuna kusalaza pa mikangano chikhalidwe, akuyitanira chifundo alandidwa ndi kuponderezedwa cha kufalitsidwa kwa zachifundo kwa osauka ndi zithetsedwe kusayeruzika.

Kulambira pa chitukuko cha chitukuko

Mpingo unali m'manja mwa kufalitsa mabuku ndi maphunziro. Chifukwa chikoka cha Chikristu m'zaka 9, anthu a zachitika mtima wachibadidwe latsopano ndi kumvetsa m'banja. Kumayambiriro akale anali mayanjano zofala pakati pa achibale anali ndithu ochiritsira ndi ambiri mabanja. Ndi ndi zonse anamenya mpingo. Vuto la ukwati ndi imodzi mwa ma sakaramenti Mkhristu, kukhala pafupifupi mfundo yaikulu ya nambala yaikulu ya zolemba za maphunzira auzimu. Imodzi mwa kupambana wamkulu wa Mpingo mu nthawi zakale imatengedwa matrimonial selo mapangidwe - mawonekedwe zimachitika pa moyo wa banja alipo lero.

vuto la zachuma

Ofufuza ambiri, patsogolo luso wakhalanso zogwirizana ndi kufalitsa zotchuka ziphunzitso. Zotsatira zake zinali kusintha maganizo a anthu ndi chilengedwe. Makamaka, ndi kukana kwa taboos ndi malamulo oletsa kuti kupewa chitukuko cha ulimi. Nature watha kukhala chiyambi cha mantha ndi chopembedzedwa. Kupeza ndalama, ndi patsogolo luso ndi zoyambitsidwa kuti akhale ndi kusintha kwambiri moyo mokwanira khola kwa zaka zambiri ang'onoang'ono nthawi. Middle Ages, choncho m'pofunika ndi gawo zachilendo mapangidwe a chitukuko Mkhristu.

Mapangidwe maganizo atsopano

Anthu, umunthu anali apamwamba ofunika kuposa masiku amakedzana. Izi zinali makamaka chifukwa chakuti akale chitukuko zinapatsira ndi mzimu wa Chikhristu, sanafune kuonetsetsa munthu kuchokera chilengedwe chifukwa cha chizolowezi kuona dziko. Pa nkhani imeneyi, kungakhale kulakwa kulankhula za, amati, chinalepheretsa mapangidwe makhalidwe a mwankhanza mpingo pa mwamuna amene ankakhala Ages Middle. Pa madera Western a chipembedzo amakonda kuchita ndiwofatsa komanso ofunika ntchito popereka zinthu zabwino pa chitukuko cha munthu. N'zosatheka kuyerekeza ndi kusakasaka wauzimu wa munthu pa nthawi kunja kwa mpingo. Ndi chidziwitso cha chilengedwe ndi Mulungu, amene anauzira mfundo ya mpingo, wafunsira ndi osiyanasiyana, zokongola ndi ojijirika chikhalidwe cha Ages Middle. Mpingo unakhazikitsidwa masukulu ndi mayunivesite, kulimbikitsa ntchito yosindikiza komanso zosiyanasiyana mikangano zamulungu.

pomaliza

Dongosolo lonse la dziko la Ages Middle nthawi otchedwa feudalism (monga akuti "ang'onoang'ono" - linapereka m'manja). Ndipo zimenezi ngakhale kuti mawu amenewa sasamalira pofotokoza zochuluka za nthawi chipangizo chikhalidwe. mbali yaikulu nthawi imene iyenera wachinsinsi monga:

• ndende ku midzi ambiri mtheradi wa anthu;
• ndi predominance wa ulimi ang'onoang'ono ;
• udindo waukulu wa nzika chachikulu m'deralo;
• losiyanitsa mafumu ndi retainers mphamvu;
• ndi ulamuliro wa Chikhristu;
• unfree mkhalidwe wa nzika wamba amene ali chidakwa zanu Ambuye;
• pakalibe chilakolako mosadziletsa ndiponso chuma kudzikundikira anthu a.

Chinthu chofunika kwambiri umodzi chikhalidwe Europe anali Mkhristu. Izo zinali mu nthawi ya pansi review, izo zakhala imodzi ya Zipembedzo. Mpingo wa Chikhristu inachokera pa chitukuko akale, osati kumakana makhalidwe akale, koma kumasuliranso iwo. Chipembedzo, chuma chake ndi utsogoleri wolowezana, centralization ndi zinthu, makhalidwe abwino, malamulo ndi chikhalidwe - onsewa kupanga umodzi ang'onoang'ono mfundo. Kuti Chikhristu makamaka anatsimikiza Mosiyana ndi anthu akale mu Europe ndi nyumba ena okhudzidwa m'maiko ena pa nthawi imeneyo.