Kuteteza Pskov: Inde cha nkhondoyi ndi zotsatirapo

The Livonia nkhondo (1558-1583) - mwambo wofunika kwambiri kwa mayiko a kumpoto kwa Russia, ndi zofunika kwambiri ndi chitetezo cha Pskov m'mbiri asilikali. Dziko linali pa nkhondo za mayiko zodutsa malonda ndi mwayi ku Baltic malamulo Livonia. Russian woyamba zabwino - ndi amanyansidwa bwino pa kum'mawa kwa mayiko Livonia inatha mu chigonjetso. Koma pambuyo kugwa Order mu 1561 tinalowa nkhondo anansi, kwambiri, anafuna kutenga ndalama za dziko wosweka. Russia kulimbana ndi Lithuania, Poland ndi Sweden.

amunamuna Pskov

Mu masiku oyamba a Livonia nkhondo Pskov anatenga gawo mmenemo: zinatengera asilikali Ivana Groznogo m'nyengo yozizira 1558, ndipo nthawi yomweyo anthu a Pskov, lotsogoledwa ndi Prince Shuisky ntchito imeneyi anagwirizana. Pskov chitetezo anali kudza, koma 1559 dziko la Germany anawononga pafupi Red ndi Sebezh zonse rebuffed. Ndiye Lithuanians litalanda pafupifupi kumudzi, kufunkha ndi moto zonse njira zawo, nawonso anamenyedwa mwachilungamo msanga, koma anabwerera mu 1569 ndipo anatenga mzinda wa Izborsk.

Zitsulo lolamuliridwa ndi Mfumu Stefan Batory mu 1579-mamita anatenga Polotsk, ndipo patatha chaka atalanda Pskov ndi dziko Novgorod. asilikali Russian panopa sanasonyezedwepo bwino za nthawi, Batory ndipo odziwika bwino, koma chifukwa kudzera akazembe awo nufuna kuti Poland ndi Livonia mbadwa Russian dziko pamodzi ndi Pskov, Novgorod ndi Smolensk. Mwachibadwa, Ivan Grozny chotero zambiri sanapite, ndi m'chilimwe cha 1580 asilikali Polish anabwera Wamkulu Uta. The okhala mumzinda uwu waukuluwo Usalimbane ndi asilikali amphamvu, choncho okha yopsereza posadas ndipo anabisala mu mpanda wolimba wa onse. Iwo anakana kuti mudzipereke. Magulu anali wosiyana, mzinda linatengedwa, anaphedwa.

Batory ulendo kuti Pskov

Mu mu 1581 mfumu gulu lankhondo la Poland anapita Pskov. Ngati Batory anakwanitsa analanda mzinda uwu, mwinamwake, Ivan Grozny anakakamizika amavomereza kuti dziko lotero mopanda chilungamo, ndi kupereka kumpoto, kumadzulo Russian m'mayiko onse. Koma chitetezo cha Pskov zinachitika. zochitika izi amunamuna tikudziwa pa maumboni ambiri ku mbali zonse kumenyana. Kufotokozera za chochitika monga chitetezo cha Pskov, sanathe kunyalanyaza mlembi wa mfumu Stanisław Piotrowski, amene ankasunga tsikulo, kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane tsiku lililonse zovuta. masabata makumi atatu anakana zokometsera kwa mzinda lonse Polish ankhondo, amene mwaukali anadzasokoneza wolimba, akuyesera kukumba pansi makoma a kukwera, mpaka chinachake kuperekedwa. Izo zinali zonse pachabe. Pskov chitetezo ndi Ivan 4 anaima mwamphamvu.

Ngakhale pamene Batory anaganiza Pechora linga, pofuna analephera. Kumbuyo anaphedwa. Kenako ntchito, nkhondo kuuluka anaima, ndipo asilikali anali atatopa. January 1582 Nthawi kusaina osayanjanitsika kwa zaka zisanu, imene Bathory anakana zolinga koyamba ndipo anabweza analanda Russian mzinda. Pskov silikhali 4 pamene Ivan anatha kupulumutsa anthu achilendo ochokera m'dziko kwawo kwenikweni - zinasungidwa ndipo zakale malire Russian. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri anali chitetezo yachiwiri Pskov. Mdani nthawi iyi anali osiyana, ndi mpulumutsi ndi kumbuyo dziko Russian - mzinda womwewo, kulangiza otchuka. Asilikali waphunzitsa nzika. Tsopano adakhoza osati kuteteza komanso kuti aukire. A yaitali ndi zovuta nthawi za phukusi akunja zinatha mu chigonjetso cha anthu kulimbikira ndi mtima Russian. Mu 1611, asilikali a Sweden anagwidwa mzinda wa Staraya Russa, Ladoga, Novgorod, Gdov, Porkhov ndi Swedish Mfumu Gustavus Adolphus anaganiza kuti chitetezo amunamuna a Pskov m'mbuyomu. Komabe, iye miscalculated.

asilikali a Sweden n'kulanda

Asilikali a Sweden anayesera kuti atenge Pskov kumayambiriro kwa 1615, anamenyedwa, ndi m'chilimwe anasonkhanitsa gulu lalikulu la asilikali pansi pa ulamuliro wa General Horn ndipo kachiwiri anazungulira mzindawo. Mfumu inabwera kuona mmene Pskov kugwa. Koma zokometsera wa mzindawo kunyadira yekha itapita kale Ivan Grozny. Kuteteza Pskov, pamene mdani nthawi iyi anali wamphamvu kwambiri kuposa Zitsulo, ndi Ankhondo Livonia, anali zonse zochita mwamphamvu anali ndinaganiza, kuukira kawirikawiri aluso. asilikali Swedish analanda Snetogorsky obisika ndipo anakhala kumeneko. M'chizungumo tsiku lomwelo anthu a Pskov anapanga sortie ndipo inapha zinawonongeka kwambiri, ngakhale General Horn sanakhale ndi moyo. Mfumu akhagopa munthu wolephera, ndipo anaganiza kuti asilikali ake ndi waukulu zokwanira. Iye apewe asilikali ake ku mphepete mwa mtsinje Wamkulu, ndipo anapempha reinforcements.

Patapita miyezi ingapo anabwera asilikali aganyu, ndipo Gustavus Adolphus Snetogorsk anabwerera ansembe a. mzinda kwathunthu atazunguliridwa, misewu onse oletsedwa - anatseka misewu wathunthu. Kumenya mdani anaganiza kuchokera kumpoto - kuchokera pachipata Ilyinskikh Varlaamovskoy nsanja. Anamanga malinga, anaika mfuti ndipo pang'onopang'ono kuononga khoma. Pskov anakaniza. Wall kubwereketsa yomweyo anakonza, ndi matenda zinachitika tsiku lililonse, kawirikawiri ndi zomvetsa katundu kwa mdani.
Gustavus Adolphus anali atatopa kukaniza ngati ndipo anapitiriza zokambirana mtendere ndi Russia. Iye ankafuna mawu mtendere yabwino, koma ndiye analiza Pskov mumsasa wake onga onse. Ndinafunika abwerere Pskov ndi kubwerera ku Russian mizinda ya Russia - Ladoga, Novgorod, Porkhov, Staraya Russa, Gdov ndi ambiri m'dziko ena wotanganidwa ndi Aisiraeli. Kutetezedwa loyamba Pskov - kuchokera asilikali Stefan Batory - zinali zolemera kwambiri, koma m'tauni anaphunzira kwambiri.

Zimayambitsa wa Livonia Nkhondo

The Livonia Order linakhazikitsidwa m'zaka khumi mochedwa ndipo anagwira pafupifupi dera lonse la masiku Baltic - Courland, Livonia ndipo Estonia. Komabe, m'nthawi ya chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi, mphamvu yake pafupifupi auma. Choyamba, kuchichepetsa mphamvu ya Order nkhondo mkati kwaiye kunadetsa krepnuvshim Reformation kayendedwe: ambuye Mendulo sanathe kupeza kugwirizana ndi ubale ndi Bishopu wamkulu wa Riga, mzinda sanamuzindikire aliyense wa iwo, chidani kunadetsa kukula. Zofooketsa Livonia ntchito zonse za anansi ake, ngakhale Russia. mfundo ndi yakuti pamaso pa Kubwera kwa Order m'mayiko amenewa Russian akalonga kulamulira madera Baltic, kotero tsopano Moscow Tsar ankaona maufulu awo, kuti Livonia yovomerezeka.

Phindu malonda a dziko m'mphepete mwa nyanja sitingalephere kukambapo, ndi Order Livonia okha asapita pakati Russia ndi kumadzulo kwa Ulaya, osati mukudutsa amalonda ake ndi amalonda. Kulimbikitsa a Russia, komanso tsopano, sanafune aliyense m'dziko lina. Komanso, ambuye European ndi katundu ku Europe Livonia Order mu Russia sanali kuphonya. Pakuti ichi, ndi kwa Livonians Russian ankachitira mogwirizana. Zochitika zofooketsa anansi recalcitrant, Moscow Tsar anayamba kuopa kuti malo Livonians mwina amaoneka oyandikana kwambiri ankhanza. Ivan III anamanga pandunji pa mudzi wa Narva Ivangorod wanu. Ndipo ngakhale zonena zambiri otukuka kuti mwayi kwa Baltic Nyanja Ivan 4. Kutetezedwa Pskov, mdani kuti amuyese cholakwika Russian tsar, iye anasonyeza mmene zonena awa anali yake.

Chiyambi cha Livonia Nkhondo

Mfumu anali wotsimikiza za bwino m'mapapo, koma Livonia nkhondo inali kupitiriza, mosiyana ndi m'mbuyomo wina, ndi asilikali a Sweden, pamene zotsatira zake zinali mofulumira kwambiri ndi wabwino. nthawi iyi Ivan Grozny anakumbukira Livonians pangano lakale kuti amafuna iwo kupereka msonkho kwa boma Russian, zomwe si atchule nthawi yayitali. Livonians zokambirana, malingana ngati iwo akanakhoza, anachedwa, koma mfumu mwamsanga anataya chipiriro ndi kuthyola kucheza zabwino-mnansi, mu 1558 anayamba zaka twente-faifi pa Livonia nkhondo, poyamba bwino. asilikali Russian anayenda pafupifupi dziko lonse la Livonia, kupatula nyumba amphamvu ndi mizinda. Yekha Livonia kupereka kukana wamakhalidwe sanathe - Moscow kale zinali zamphamvu mokwanira.

Boma la Order unatha, kupereka piecemeal anansi amphamvu kwambiri. Estonia - Sweden, Livonia - Lithuania, chisumbu cha Saaremaa - Chidanishi gertsogts Magnus, Kurland salinso wambiri mpingo likufa kusiya kupembedza. Master Kettler anakhala Duke ndi anachonderera Polish m'manja. N'zosadabwitsa kuti eni atsopano adamfunsa ku Ivana Groznogo m'madera omwe si wotanganidwa. Ngakhale bwinobwino, mfumu ya chilichonse sinafike kukana. Zinali ndiye Livonia nkhondo panali gulu latsopano. Komabe, Moscow ali anapambana. asilikali a mfumu unawononge- Lithuania ku Vilnius. Lithuanians anali okonzeka chifukwa cha mtendere ndi kupereka Polotsk. Koma Zemsky Sobor mu Moscow pa dziko sudalingane. nkhondo inachitika kwa zaka khumi. Bola ngati mpando wachifumu Chipolishi Chilituyaniya sanawonekere mmodzi wa atsogoleri ambiri aluso.

Stefan Batory

Russia wangomaliza chimachepa ndi zaka za nkhondo. Komanso, unawononge- dziko ndi oprichnina. Kum'mwera kwa Crimea Chitata kukwiya, napempha onse Volga, Astrakhan ndi Kazan Khanate. Mu 1571, Khan Devlet Giray zosayembekezereka mnogovoyskovoe kuwukira anali anakonza, anamaliza kuyatsa lonse wa Moscow, kupatula boma la Russia. Chaka chotsatira kubwereza bwino mulibe chinachitika - Russian ratification motsogozedwa Mihaila Vorotynskogo anagonjetsa Chitata pa achinyamata. Izi ndi nthawi kuchita chamuna anayamba ndi Stefan Batory - State Center wa dziko ndi losauka kwambiri ndi zinthu, ndi anthu. rati lalikulu amadzibisa Livonia kunali kosatheka kusonkhanitsa. Alimbane yoyenera atangokanidwa anakumana. Mu 1578, asilikali a Russia anagonjetsedwa pa Verdun.

Mu Livonia nkhondo munasintha. Patapita chaka chimodzi, Stefan Batory kupulumutsidwa Polotsk, ndiyeno Great Luka ndi Velizh. Ivan Grozny anayesa kupitiriza Batory diplomatically, kutumiza akazembe ku Austria Mfumu ndi Papa. Koma mfumu Polish sankafuna bwana wa Russian Tsar, ndipo mu 1581-m, iye kuzungulira Pskov. Zinali zovuta, koma anatsutsa chitetezo cha Pskov. Stefan Batory anayesa kupeŵa ngakhale chisankho cha mfumu ndi Zakudya, koma ngakhale Germany kapena Moscow sangathe kukhala pampando wachifumu wa kalonga kapena mkulu. Iye anasankhidwa kuti ndikusonyeze mphamvu zake zonse Transylvanian kazembeyo. Ndipo pambuyo pa mapeto a osayanjanitsika nkhondo anayambiranso. Komabe, anayamba mfumu Russian, ndipo chitetezo cha Pskov pa Livonia nkhondo, West anasonyeza bwanji khama ndipo mwaluso akhoza kukhala nkhope ya ankhondowo Russian.

The vuto pa chiyambi cha nkhondo

Pa nthawi yomweyo panali nkhondo ndi Sweden, kumene Russian akhoza sakwanitsa kutenga mzinda wa Revel, ndi kupeza Nyanja Baltic. Livonia ndi olimbikitsa pa kupambana kwa mfumu Russian ndi sizinakhalitse kwambiri. Iye amazikhulupirira mwachabe pansi a Stefan Batory musatchule m'bale wanga zokambirana, ndi anansi - chifukwa cha chiyambi si wa mfumu. Livonia Ivan Grozny ankaona ndi fiefdom. Ndipo anthu osankhidwa ndi chifuniro cha anthu anali kusiya nkhondo, misonkhano kutsimikiziridwa German ndipo Chihangare oyenda zida limene anachita ndalama, iye anali kwambiri mfuti - lalikulu ndi wabwino.

Ndipo, ndithudi, izo zinali kuyembekezera ndi kugonjetsa bwino zida mizere mosalongosoka la asilikali Russian. Mtsogoleri Stefan Batory anali skilful. Koma palibe wopusa, ndi Ivan Grozny. Kumenyana Pskov anasonyeza - momwe. Polotsk komanso kuteteza yoposa masabata atatu, koma sanali anapulumuka, ngakhale chitetezo ya panafika anthu onse, aang'ono ndi aakulu - kuzimitsa moto, asilikali anathandiza. Kuphedwa mu Polotsk pambuyo kutenga Stefan Batory anali lamkunkhuniza, monga nthawi imene mfumu Polish anatenga m'tawuni pambuyo mudzi - Usvyat, Velizh, Great Luke.

amafuna Batory

Ivan Grozny anakakamizika kukambirana, pamene iye anapereka Poland Livonia - kupatula mizinda inayi. Komabe, Stefan Batory adamfunsa osati lonse la Livonia, koma Sebezh. Komanso, ndalama zambiri - zikwi zinayi zagolide kuphimba ndalama zawo za nkhondo.

M'makalatamo Anaona kukhumudwitsa ndi Russian mfumu, akuitana Moscow wake Farao ndi nkhandwe. Kuyesa kugwirizanitsa izi zisakhale bwino kwambiri. Mu mu 1581, asilikali Polish anatenga chilumbachi ndi kuzungulira Pskov. Ndipo pano kupambana ndi kunyada onse olemekezeka bwereza, chifukwa anayamba chitetezo cha Pskov. Livonia nkhondo zafika pamlingo latsopano.

Pskov linga

City pa nthawiyo linga mwachilungamo khola: posachedwapa adapitiriza makoma anali amphamvu, nambveka mfuti zambiri, anapanga gulu lankhondo lamphamvu ndi abwanamkubwa odziwa. Kuteteza Pskov lotsogoleredwa ndi Ivan Shumsky - wotchuka chifukwa cha luso lake Prince. zochitika losaiwalika, izi zafotokozedwa mu nthano zambiri - "The nthano wa kuzinga Pskov". amaikira kumbuyo kwa mzindawo zinamangidwa kulimbikitsa mkati ndi kunja zokhalamo khoma, pamene Zitsulo anakumba ngalande ndi kuika mfuti pa wozungulira lapansi.

Dawn anayamba September 7 mphepo yamkuntho moto wa mfuti makumi awiri. Batory n'zofunikadi chimaswa mpanda ndi kuukira. Inde, khoma mwamsanga anagogoda pansi mu malo ambiri, ndiponso m'njira mzinda linatsegulidwa. Akuluakulu atakhala pa chakudya, kale monga kulandira chakudya mu Pskov. Koma chitetezo cha Pskov Batory ndinayima. Kulimbana kuzinga belu anathamanga anthu onse a mumzindawo, osati asilikali. Onse amene sanathe usilikali, mofulumira kuswa pa malo owopsa. Kuyambira mpanda wa Zitsulo patsogolo anali madzi moto lolemera, koma kudalira chigonjetso kuwagwiritsa patsogolo kwenikweni pa mitembo. Mu mzinda iwo adakali linathyoka.

Russian chozizwitsa

Pskov kale nsanja ziwiri korona Polish achifumu mbendera, ndi Russian nacho pansi mavuto khamu mdani. Prince Shuisky kusamba mu mwazi wake ndi mlendo, kusiya kavalo akufa ndi chitsanzo chake anali kuthawa tithe Russian. M'nthawi yovuta ya Pskov atsogoleri anaonekera mu pakatikati pa nkhondo ndi chithunzi cha Lady athu ndi zotsalira za oyera, pansi ayerera mu Russian Vsevolod-Gabriel. Omenyana chimaonekadi perked ndi anathamangira kunkhondo mwakhama. Svinuzskaya nsanja, wodzazidwa ndi adani, mwadzidzidzi kunatulukira mu mlengalenga - akazembe Russian analiza izo. Mu dzenje ndi zigawo zambiri mitembo ya adani, amene anali mu nsanja. Asilikali adani anadabwa, wodzazidwa ndi mantha ndi kakasi. Inde, Russian sanali mantha kugunda limodzi. mphamvu Polish adamenyedwa ndipo anagonjetsa kwenikweni mothamanga.

Pskov anthu kutengapo mbali mofanana mu nkhondo - kuchotsedwa ovulala, madzi anabweretsa kusuntha makoma awo anaponyedwa ndi mfuti mdani anasonkhana akaidi. Kutetezedwa amunamuna a Pskov mosangalala kwambiri anatembenuka tsamba loyamba la mbiri yake. Komanso, mwa njira iliyonse akuyesetsa kuti asiye Pskov Batory: a mumphangayo, kuomba red-hot mitima koloko, anatentha mzinda, monitory makalata Russian akuluakulu akulonjeza phindu mu chochitika cha imfa chomwe chayandikira ndi lowopsya pa zinafuna chomwecho. Mwa njira, ine ndinali kutumiza kalata mothandizidwa ndi mivi, chifukwa anthu a Pskov Sakanapita kukambirana. Yankho, anatumiza njira yomweyo. Pali Chirasha lidalembedwa musataye Pskov, sasintha, ife asamenyana. Ndipo ndi kukumba mu Pskov anali anatulukira migodi ake. Amene angayerekeze kuti aswe khoma, kubisala kuseri matabwa, muli phula kuwira.

dziko

dziko Ivan Grozny akadali anapanga, ndipo zinali zambiri zifukwa. Batory ankaganizira kugonjetsa zovuta, koma Pskov komabe kunyamulidwa. Anayi ndi theka zikwi asilikali Pskov ndi zikwi makumi asanu asilikali osankhika a Polish kuima kuzinga ndipo anapambana masabata makumi atatu kwenikweni yotopetsa regiments mdani. Kusindikiza ntchito pa plugging mabowo makoma, kukumba ngalande anali nzika ndi ikuchitika.

Posadas pafupi tawuni anali kale anatentha anthu a Pskov ndi lonse anthu posadov athawira mzinda. Asilikali adani opanda aya, chifukwa mumzindawo anapanga anawazunza pafupipafupi, osawuka anagonjetsa convoys Polish, pomenyana m'gululi pa foraging ndi chakudya anasankha kwa Pskov. Batory sankadziwa kuti anataya. Koma mu 1581 iye akadali anapita kukambirana ndi tsar Russian ndipo anapanga osayanjanitsika.