Woyamba ndi wachiwiri maulendo Batu Lazaro

Mu mbiri ya mtundu uliwonse padzakhala nthawi ya chitukuko mkulu ndi nthawi ya pansi. Mu Russia izo zinali chimodzimodzi. Atafika zaka golide pansi Vladimir Wamkulu, Yaroslav anzeru ndi Vladimir Monomakh, dziko ndi akumenya nkhondo internecine ufumu wa Kiev. panali akalonga zambiri, koma mipando komabe ankasowa. Kuti ana ndi zidzukulu kumenyana pakati pawo, ndi abale awo ndi amalume, ndi boma kokha kutaya. N'zosadabwitsa kuti Batu ankapita ku Russia, omwe anawafikira pa nthawi imeneyo, izo zinali bwino. Panali osati mgwirizano pakati maukulu, koma kuthandiza wina ndi mzake. Cities wofooka: makoma sanali pamalo abwino, ndalama osowa, ndi akatswiri asilikali asilikali sikunali kokwanira. Amene anali kuteteza nyumba zawo ndi nzika wamba, anthu amene sanakhalepo unachitikira ku manja a chida komanso kudziwa pomenya nkhondo ndi njira amangoika analibe.

zifukwa zina kugonjetsedwa kwa Russia

Dziwani kuti panali zifukwa zina kugonjetsedwa kwa Russia. Batu ankapita ku Russia sizinasokonekere akuyendera zokha, iwo anali mosamalitsa ndipo ndinaganiza. Kuyambira masiku a Genghis Khan, ndi lodziwika bwino mtsogoleri wa kuya kwa Asia, anzangawo anandiuza kuti Russian ukulu wa anthu olemera kwambiri, ndipo anaakwata mosavuta. Monga reconnaissance mu mphamvu zambiri ankaona kampeni kuti inatha ndi Nkhondo ya Kalka Mtsinje. Dziwani kuti Mongol-Chitata asilikali anali amphamvu kwambiri, ndi zitsulo mwambo ndi kumvera lamulo lililonse la mtsogoleri wa chinathandiza bwino. Komanso, nalanda China, chiguluchi kuti akanagwiritsa ntchito limodzi umisiri nkhondo ndi zida asilikali, amene sanali wapadera pa nthawi.

Mongolian kuwukira (lalifupi)

Dziwani kuti panali nthawi awiri a nkhondo Mongol. Ndawala yoyamba Batu kwa Russia unakhala kuchokera 1237 ndi 1238. Pa gulu lake anagonjetsa Ryazan ndi Vladimir-Suzdal ukulu anatembenukira kwa Novgorod, koma siinafike iye, ndi Kunyoza. Pamaso kuti iwo anagwira wa Volga Bulgaria. Kampeni yachiwiri Batu pa Russia akhoza mwachidule motere: kwa nyengo ya zaka 1239-1240 anagwira Kiev, Vladimir-Volyn ukulu ndi kupita ku Europe. Komabe, Mongol-Chitata kuyembekezera yapambana kwambiri mwamsanga, koma kulimbana ndi aukali. Anataya mphamvu zambiri, Khan sakanakhoza kufika otsiriza a Nyanja Western ngati anafuna kale, kotero ine ndinabwerera.

Kugonjetsedwa kwa Northern Russia. kutenga Ryazan

Ndawala yoyamba Batu kwa Russia anali ngati zosayembekezereka. Inde, militiamen Russian anakumbukira asilikali a Kalka, mukudziwa kuti ku Mongolia - ndi mdani woopsa, koma ankaganiza kuti angagonjetse iye angayerekeze kubwera kwa iwo. imfa Genghis Khan a anakankhira chiyambi cha kampeni nkhondo, koma wakonza kuonjezera mphamvu. Ana mkulu anagonjetsa North China, Volga Bulgaria, kujowina asilikali Polovtsian (Kipchaks). Mu December 1237 chiguluchi, kuswa Volga, anabwera pafupi kwambiri ndi malire a Ryazan ukulu. Batu inalamula kuwagonjetsa ndi msonkho, koma analandira yankho lakuthwa. Ryazan anapempha thandizo kwa akalonga ena Russian, koma sanalandire izo. Patapita masiku asanu ozungulira mzindawo koopsa likulu anagwa, unawonongedwa pansi. Tsoka chomwecho anachitika m'dziko Ryazan.

Busting Vladimir ukulu. Nkhondo ya Dikira Mtsinje

Koma kampeni ya Batu Khan ku Russia anapitiriza. Army anayenda ndi Vladimir ukulu. Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich anatumiza kumuwombera wa Kolomna, pamene iye anafa. Atagwa Kolomna, Moscow, likulu la Vladimir. Kumayambiriro a 1238 maalumali akalonga anasonkhana potsirizira pake anagonjetsa Dikira mtsinje. Komanso chiwawa kukana ku Mongolia anapereka Torzhok amene anadzasokoneza masabata awiri, ndi Kozelsk, amene unatengera kuzinga seveni sabata. Poopa kuti posachedwapa ayamba kusungunuka chisanu, Khan analamula kuti ndibwerere asanafike makoma a Novgorod kokha zana kutali. Ngakhale, tisaiwale, ena a mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti olemera Novgorod anagula kutali ndi ku Mongolia, kotero sanatengedwe. Ndipo pali Baibulo kuti Batu Khan ndi Alexander Nevsky - mmodzi yemweyo. Ndipo chifukwa unali mzinda wa Novgorod, chinali Musaliwononge.

Chirichonse chimene icho chinali, koma mu msonkhano woyamba Batu Khan ku Russia inatha. Gulu kuloŵa m'dziko Polovtsian kunyambita mabala awo ndi kusonkhanitsa mphamvu vuto latsopano.

The chachiwiri Mongol kuwukira

M'chaka cha 1239 anayamba ndawala Batu mu Russia kum'mwera. Mu March, ku Mongolia anatenga Pereyaslavl, mu October - mzinda wa Chernihiv. Pambuyo pake, mu 1240 gulu anazungulira Kiev, likulu la Russia, likulu lake. Ndiye Baty anasamukira ku West, umene analanda wotchedwa Galicia-Volyn ukulu, atalanda Poland ndi Hungary, anafika kugombe la nyanja Adriatic. Mwina ndawala chachiwiri Batu kwa Russia zimenezi sizikanakhala zatha, koma analandira uthenga wa imfa ya Kagan. Pofuna nawo Kurultai, amene anali kusankha mtsogoleri watsopano wa ku Mongolia, mdzukulu Genghis Khan a anabwerera steppe lapansi. Sonkhanitsani mwamphamvu umenewu zikuluzikulu nkhondo horde kale analephera. Choncho Europe wakhala osafikiridwa, Russia amaganiza manyazi kwambiri, ndipo zambiri anakalamba mdani.

kutenga Kiev

Batu ulendo ku Russia sangathe anafotokoza mwachidule. Mzinda uliwonse anakaniza ngati zopambana zomwe iye akanakhoza, koma mphamvu anali wosiyana. Mu mbiri anafotokoza atangokanidwa amunamuna Russian, omwe anamenya nkhondo dontho lotsiriza la magazi. Apa mmene kunena za kutenga golidi ozungulira Kiev wakale magwero.

Pa nthawi imeneyo mumzinda a Daniilu Galitskomu, koma kalonga sanali mu izo. Ankhondo analamula Voevoda wotchedwa Dmitry. Monga mwa nthawi zonse, Batu inalamula kuwagonjetsa ndi msonkho, kulonjezedwa kukhululukira zokometsera zonse, koma Kiev anakana ndi nkhondo ankhondowo. Kugwiritsa zamphongo wamphamvu, ku Mongolia analowa mumzindawo, akukankha anthu. Limalimbikitsa Recent anasonkhana pa Detinets, akuika khoma latsopano chitetezo cha. Koma mzere linatengedwa. Kiev anthu asonkhana mu Mpingo wa Chachikhumi, amenenso anakomoka, kukhala gravestone kwa dziko lawo. Anavulazidwa, sadzachitanso moyo kazembe zinachititsa kuti Khan ndi Batu anam'khululukira kwa ungwazi wake. chisomo ichi anali chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira masiku a ku Mongolia wa Genghis Khan. Kenako, wotchedwa Dmitry nawo ntchito imene khamu ku Europe.

zotsatira kampeni

Batu ankapita ku Russia, onse woyamba ndi wachiwiri, anabweretsa m'mavuto dziko lino. Ukulu inawonongedwa, kuwotchedwa, anthu anaphedwa kapena kubedwa mu ukapolo. A mizinda imene awerengedwa 74, 49 zawonongedwa. Khumi ndi anai a iwo sanathe onani ndi kubwerera ku moyo. Pa nkhondo ya chidziwitso Choncho, anasiya mwala yomanga anasowa, ulimi wa glassware ndi zenera galasi, cloisonne enamel. Kupha ambiri akalonga ndi osankhika akulamulira, vigilantes, kuchuluka chikoka zigawo sanali mwayi wa anthu. Mu Russia anayamba kuchepa chuma, chikhalidwe ndi ndale kudzitsitsa, zomwe zinachitika zaka zambiri.

Zinsinsi za mbiri

Koma pali view wina wa mbiri, kuwunika wina zochitika. Kumene, ankapita ku Russia Batu kanthu wabwino iye sanam'bweretsere. Komabe, akatswiri ambiri amakhulupirira kuti Mongolia sanali aakulu monga iwo akufotokozedwa olemba. Kumene, iwo ndi ana a m'nthawi yake, choncho anakakamizika nkhondo kupulumuka mu njira zimene zinali kwa iwo. Nkhani chiwerengero cha adani. Ngati Baty ndi akalonga ena zinachititsa multimillion asilikali, mahatchi sakanati akhale chakudya chokwanira. Chinsinsi n'chakuti chifukwa m'matawuni ang'onoang'ono (Kolomna, Torzhok Kozelsk) anatha kusunga kuzinga yaitali, pamene likulu la ukulu ndi makoma ake chachikulu unatengedwa masiku angapo. Ndipo chifukwa wongosamukasamuka kum'mawa zofunika midzi izi ang'ono amene alibe kufunika njira? N'chifukwa chiyani asilikaliwa anachoka kwa Novgorod, kuchuluka kwa zomwe nthano? Bwanji kupita ku Smolensk? Mantha? Koma iwo sanali wamanyazi! Koma mafunso awa amene amafotokoza kutali.