Chirasha Turkey nkhondo (1828-1829): zimayambitsa, zotsatira, zochitika zazikulu (tebulo)

Wina Chirasha Turkey nkhondo (1828-1829) kunkachitika chifukwa zimayambitsa angapo ofunika. Chief mwa iwo anali mkangano m'mavuto, amene anatsegula njira ku Nyanja Black kwa Mediterranean.

m'mavuto vuto

Iye anayima pa Bosphorus Istanbul - likulu la Ufumu wa Ottoman. koyamba wa Constantinople (a Asilavo wotchedwa izo Constantinople). Mpaka 1453 panali likulu la Ufumu wa Byzantium. dziko limeneli linakhala wochititsa Mpingo Orthodox mu Russia. Choncho, Moscow (kenaka St. Petersburg) olamulira ankakhulupirira kuti ali woyenera kukhala ndi mzinda, amene anali wolimba chachikulu cha Chikhristu pa zaka.

Kumene, kuwonjezera panali zifukwa maganizo ndi zifukwa wanzeru. Free mwayi kwa nyanja ya Mediterranean akhoza atsogolere ntchito pofuna dziko lathu. Komanso, adzakhala mmodzi kwambiri chifukwa kutsimikiza udindo wake monga mmodzi wa mphamvu yaikulu European.

Mkangano mu Caucasus

Pa chiyambi cha m'ma XIX, Turkey ali kwambiri lagged kumbuyo chitukuko cha anansi ake. Russia ali anapambana nkhondo zingapo ndi dzikolo ndipo ankalowa Nyanja Black.

Komabe, mkaidi aliyense ndi Turkey mtendere yekha ndi osayanjanitsika. Kukangana Chidwi anabwereza ngakhale mu zaka pamene panalibe nkhondo pakati pa Otsutsa lapansi. Tikuyankhula zokhudza Caucasus.

Mu 1818, asilikali a ku Russia anayamba kumenyana ng'ombezi - okhala zamakolo derali. Mutu wa ntchitoyi anali Aleksey Ermolov. Komabe, asilikali athu anamenya kwambiri mapiri chifukwa chimene sichinayambe ndinazolowera nkhondo mu mapiri. Komanso, anthu a Caucasus anathandiza Turkey lokha, lomwe anazigulitsa zida. The otaya mfuti mfuti ndi ndalama, anadutsa Ottoman analola mapiri kwa zaka zambiri bwinobwino amawateteza kuukira Russian. Ndithudi, mu Petersburg ankadziwa za thandizo Asilamu kwa Asilamu. Choncho, Chirasha Turkey nkhondo (1828-1829) anayenera kusiya izi zoopsa chifukwa Russian Ufumu Otsutsa mgwirizano.

funso Greek

Pomaliza, chifukwa chachitatu mkangano m'mayiko awiriwa anali ulimi Greek. Choncho historiography linatchedwa kuti Movement National wa anthu Balkan. A angapo zaka Agiriki anali pansi pa ulamuliro Turkey. Tsankho kusagwirizana anali wodzilemekeza achipembedzo. Asilamu kawiri kawiri ankazunzika Akhristu.

Mu 1821, zipolowe za Agiriki, amene inasanduka Mipikisano chaka nkhondo ufulu wodzilamulira. Akhristu amapereka m'mayiko ambiri European: Great Britain, France ndi Russia. Turkey yakumeneko anayankha kupondereza chachikulu ndi Ahelene. Mwachitsanzo, pa chilumba cha Kerete waphedwa ndi mabishopu angapo matauni pa kutchalitchi.

Nkhondo ku Turkey anagunda Russian chuma. Atatsala pang'ono anayamba kukula mofulumira Odessa. Izi latsopano Black Sea doko wakhala zone ufulu chuma, kumene ntchito. Mu yamtendere, sitima zambirimbiri tidapita pano. Ambiri a iwo anali a nkhani Greek ndi Mkhristu wa Ottoman.

Chifukwa cha ichi, Chirasha Turkey nkhondo (1828-1829) amavutika. Only ndi mphamvu angathandize Ahelene, ndi kusiya vutoli pa chuma cha m'madera kum'mwera kwa dzikoli. Pamene Greek nkhondo tangoyamba, malamulo a Russian Alexander I. Iye anali palibe maganizo nkhondo. Pochita zimenezi iye anathandiza nthumwi Austria. Choncho, asanamwalire, Russia sachoka zophiphiritsa ndi Turkey.

Zimene Nicholas I

Komabe, mu 1825 akuluakulu tayenda ndi mng'ono Alexander - Nicholas. Mu ubwana wake, iye analandira usilikali chifukwa palibe kuyembekezera kuti iye adzakhala wolowa nyumba. Sinthani pambuyo Alexander ndi m'bale wanu wina - Constantine, koma iye anakana wachifumu. Mwa njira, kalonga wamkulu uyu dzina lake polemekeza kwambiri Roma amene anayambitsa Byzantium. Zinali wophiphiritsa chosonyeza Catherine II - anafuna kuika mdzukulu wake pa mpando wachifumu mu Constantinople (Istanbul).

Asilikali maphunziro ndi makhalidwe Nicholas yomweyo anayamba lokha anamva. Dziko anayamba kukonzekera ndi escalation a mkangano. Komanso, Nicholas anafuna kutsata wodziimira mfundo yachilendo, ndi kuyang'ana pa ogwirizana European, amene nthawi anasiya Alexander. Mphamvu Western sanafune lolimbikitsa kwambiri kwa Russia. Monga ulamuliro, iwo anayesa kuti ndi kaonedwe wa mphamvu mu dera, kumene kumene, sanali Nicholas. Chirasha Turkey nkhondo (1828-1829) anali kuwononga dongosolo la macheke ndi sikelo. M'pofunikanso kuganizira Nthaŵi chosiyana cha Greek utasintha ndi kulimbana ufulu (1821-1830).

nkhondo ya Navarino

Mu 1827, mu Nyanja Baltic anayamba kukonzekera squadron umene ukuyenera kupita South Pacific. Mfumu Nicholas unachitikira bwanji mwambo wa yonyamuka zombo Kronstadt.

M'dera la Ionian Islands Russian squadron anagwirizana ndi anagwirizana zotengera ku France ndi England. Limodzi kwa Navarino Bay, pamene Turkey zombo ndi Egypt. Ichi chidachitika kuti afumye Ottoman kuletsa ndondomeko kuponderezedwa ndi Ahelene, ndi kuwapatsa kudziyimira pawokha. Mutu wa squadron Russian anali kumbuyo asilikali Malowedwe Heyden. Iye anandiuza kuti adani kutenga miyeso kwambiri linachita. Kasamalidwe ambiri anaperekedwa kwa British asilikali Edward Codrington.

Turkey timu anakamba kuti musankhepo: kusiya zochita nkhondo ndi Ahelene. Iye (Ibrahim Pasha) yansiya uthenga osayankhidwa. Ndiye Russian asilikali ali nakopa adani kulowa Bay ndi kuyamba nkhondo yolimbana ndi Turkey mu choncho, ngati kutsegula moto. The fleets ophatikizana anali ambiri Nkhondo, frigates, brigs (za 1,300 mfuti okwana). The zombo za adani anali penapake zikuluzikulu (kuchuluka kwa 22 zikwi oyendetsa anali pa iwo).

Panthawi imeneyi, zombo Turkey n'kuti inagona. Iwo anali otetezedwa bwino, monga angapo Navarino anali linga, amene akanakhoza kutsegula zida zankhondo moto pa zombo mdani. Bay unali kugombe la kumadzulo kwa Peloponnese.

Codrington ankaganiza kuti kupewa kumenyana ndi kumawakakamiza Ibrahim Pasha, popanda kugwiritsa ntchito zida. Komabe, pamene Russian ngalawa "Azov" analowa Bay pa chinatseguka moto ya mabatire Turkey, ndi pa Sphacteria chilumba. Komanso pa nthawi yomweyo Turkey anapha nthumwi ziwiri ku England. Ngakhale moto lotseguka, zombo anagwirizana sanali kukumana mpaka Sadadzipangire makhalidwe amene dokotala kwa iwo, malinga angakuthandizeni dongosolo. Admirals kuti kwathunthu kutseka zombo Turkey ku doko la. Izi ntchito chifukwa chakuti dziko chatsekedwa Bay ndi mbali zitatu (Sfaktoriya chilumbachi ndi kumtunda). Unakhalabe kutseka khwalala yopapatiza, kumene ndipo anapita zombo za ku Ulaya.

Only pamene anagwirizana zombo inagona pa, anatsegula moto ayankhe. Nkhondoyi inatenga maola oposa anayi. Chopereka zikuluzikulu chigonjetso anapanga Russian ndi English (French asilikali pa nkhondo kuugwira la zombo zawo).

"Azov" makamaka adadziwa mu zombo wathu. Iye anali mkulu Nakhimov ndi midshipman Kornilov - ngwazi tsogolo ndi zizindikiro za Crimea nkhondo. Ndi isanayambike Bay usiku chimawalitsika moto zambiri. Turkey anawononga zombo linasweka, kotero kuti iwo alibe kwa mdani. Adani sanataye chombo limodzi, ngakhale, monga Russian "Hanko" analandira mabowo makumi asanu.

Zinali nkhondo mu Navarino Bay imatengedwa kukhala oyamba, zomwe zinali zodzaza ndi Chirasha Turkey nkhondo ya 1828-1829. (Ngakhale anayamba miyezi ingapo). Kamodzi Istanbul waphunzira za kugonjetsedwa kwa Sultan Mahmud Wachiwiri anachita apilo kwa anthu ake. Iye analamula Muslims onse kukonzekera jehad ndi ku Ulaya, kuphatikizapo Russian. Choncho anayamba Chirasha Turkey nkhondo ya 1828-1829.

nkhondo Naval

Boma wathu wakhala chete kwa kanthawi. Ichi chinali chifukwa chakuti nthawi yomweyo anapitiriza nkhondo ndi Perisiya, ndi St. Petersburg, palibe amene ankafuna nkhondo ziŵiri. Pomaliza, pangano mtendere Mukalowa mu February ndi Iranians. April 14, 1828 , Nicholas Ine zinasaina Ndondomeko za nkhondo ndi Turkey.

Pa nthawi iyi, squadron Russian, zomwe nawo Nkhondo ya Navarino, anali kukonzedwa ku doko la Malta. Chilumba anali chuma cha United Kingdom. The British silinachirikize Russia mu nkhondo yolimbana ndi Turkey (kachiwiri makamaka anakhudzidwa European mayiko). Britain ananena chosalowerera ndale zake. Komanso boma zake zambiri woyanjidwa Turkey, safuna kulimbikitsa Russia. Choncho, squadron athu Malta pofuna kupewa mikangano zosafunika. Iye anasamukira ku chilumba cha Paros mu Nyanja Aegean, imene magwero Russian wotchedwa Archipelago m'zaka za m'ma XX.

Zinali zombo iye anatenga nkhonya loyamba la Turkey mu nkhondo lotseguka. April 21 panali nkhondo panyanja pakati pa Aigupto ndi Russian corvette ankadikira "Iezikil". Chigonjetso anali womaliza. NKHONDO yoyamba ya mu nyanja ya Baltic mwachangu kukonzekera ochepa zombo atsopano amene anapita kupulumutsa mu Nyanja Mediterranean (pamavuto a Nyanja Black Inde, zidzatsekedwa). Izi Chirasha Turkey nkhondo (1828-1829) anali zovuta. Chifukwa kufunika reinforcements ndi kupanda zombo kutchinga ndi Dardanelles Khwalala.

The anatseka misewu ya Dardanelles

ntchito anapatsidwa kuti zombo mu chaka choyamba cha nkhondo. Kunali koyenera kudula chakudya kuchokera Istanbul ndi zinthu zina zofunika. Ngati anatseka misewu ya unakhazikitsidwa, Chirasha Turkey nkhondo (1828-1829), zochitika zazikulu zomwe zinali m'tsogolo, anasamukira ku mlingo chosiyana. Dziko lathu akhoza kuyamba njira mu manja awo.

Chirasha Turkey nkhondo (1828-1829), tebulo ndi kuwonetsera wabwino, kunachitidwa zinthu pafupifupi wofanana. Choncho, izo Zinkafunikiradi kuti ngati mwayi anatseka misewu. Ndi Khwalala walunjika frigates ndi ziwiya zina. Dardanelles anali oletsedwa ndi November 2. zombo Russian nawo opareshoni, zochokera zilumba itatu yotsatira (Asilamu otchedwa a Moor Tasso ndi Tenedos).

The zochitika zazikulu za Chirasha Turkey nkhondo ya 1828-1829.

May 1828	Chiyambi cha anatseka misewu ya Dardanelles
June 23, 1828	Jambulani Kirs
August 9, 1828	Ahaltsikhski nkhondo
September 29, 1828	mumpanda Varna
May 30, 1829	nkhondo ya kulevicha
August 7, 1829	The adani a Adrianople
September 2, 1829	Adrianople dziko

anatseka misewu wakhala kobvuta ndi okhazikika yozizira nyengo (ndi mfundo wamba). Mkuntho ndi mphepo yamphamvu. Ngakhale izi, amalinyero Russian kwakukuru ikuchitika ntchito onse amene anali patsogolo pawo. Istanbul wakhala asakhalenso katundu, inkayenda ku Mediterranean.

Ku Smurna okha anali pafupifupi 150 zombo za malonda amene mkate anaononga monga zosafunika. Mpaka mapeto a maudani, sitima Turkey sanathe kudutsa Dardanelles. Mpaka August 1829 asogolera anatseka misewu ya asilikali Heyden. Asilikaliwo Russian anabwera Adrianople, ndi squadron anali wamng'ono Johann Dibicha - mkulu chiyambi Prussian. Zombo anali kukonzekera anagumula Dardanelles. Pakuti ichi anafunika chabe kuti ku St. Petersburg. Russian asilikali kugonjetsa dzikolo, amene amayenda bwino ntchito. Komabe, kuti sanali namtsata. Atangochoka mtendere walemba, ndi Chirasha Turkey nkhondo (1828-1829). The zifukwa pochedwetsa uyu anali atabisala chakuti mphamvu European, monga nthawi yonse, sanafune chigonjetso chomaliza cha Russia. Kutenga Istanbul zingachititse kuti kodi anayamba nkhondo ndi West lonse (woyamba wa zonse - ndi England).

Mu 1830, zombo zonse anamenyera mu Mediterranean, abwerera ku Nyanja Baltic. Kupatulapo anali "Emanueli," amene anapereka kwa Agiriki, linalandira ufulu.

Balkans

Waukulu Russian mphamvu m'chigawo anali Danube ankhondo (95 zikwi anthu). Turkey wogwidwa ndi chimadalira kuti linali lalikulu pafupifupi hafu.

The Danube asilikali anali kutenga ukulu ili ku chigwa cha mtsinje uwu: Moldavia, Wallachia ndi Dobrogea. Asilikali analamula Petr Vitgenshteyn. Iye anapita kwa Bessarabia. Choncho pa kumtunda anayamba Chirasha Turkey nkhondo (1828-1829). Tebulo zikusonyeza makulidwe m'dera lino.

Balkan kutsogolo

	Russia	Turkey
mphamvu za zipani	95000	150000
imfa	5000	10000

Woyamba unagwa lalikulu linga Braila. Kuzinga Varna ndi Shumla. Pamene tikuyembekezera Turkey asilikali thandizo, Wallachia, nkhondo zofunika, limene linali kulamulidwa ndi mbali Russian. Chifukwa cha ichi, mdani anazinga asilikali anakhalabe wopanda chiyembekezo cha thandizo kuchokera m'dziko lapansi. Ndiye mzindawo m'manja.

kampeni 1829

Mu latsopano 1829 kuika Wittgenstein anaukitsidwa Johann Dibich. Iwo anapatsidwa ntchito pamaso pake - kuwoloka Balkans ndi kufikira likulu Turkey. Ngakhale mliri wa matenda a asilikali, asilikali anachita ntchito zawo. Woyamba anali kuzungulira Adrianople (naye 7 August). Zimayambitsa Chirasha Turkey nkhondo 1828-1829 ndi kulamulira Straits, ndipo iwo anali pafupi kwambiri.

Kaboma sanayembekezere kuti Dibicha asilikali kupita kutali mu Ottoman. Chifukwa unavailability wa mkulu atasemphana anavomera ndikupereka mzinda. Mu Adrianople asilikali Russian anapeza wambiri yaikulu zida ndi zinthu zina zofunika, kuti tipeze kufalikira dera.

Izi bwino mofulumira kakasi aliyense. Turkey anavomera kukambirana, koma mwadala kuchedwa poganiza kuti England ndi Austria adzayenera kuti amuthandize.

Nthawiyi, Albania Pasha anapita ku Bulgaria ndi 40 zikwi asilikali. mchitidwe wake iye akanakhoza kudula asilikali Dibicha ataima Adrianople. General Kiselyov, amene pa nthawi kulondera maukulu Danubian, anapita kukakumana mdani. Iye anakwanitsa kutenga woyamba Sofia - likulu la Bulgaria. Chifukwa cha ichi, Mustafa anatsala ndi kanthu ndipo anavutika ndi mphamvu ndithu akadzilemeleretsa kufalikira Bulgaria. Iye anasankha izo ndi analowa kubwerera ku Albania. Chirasha Turkey nkhondo 1828-1829 Mwachidule, anakhala koposa bwino kwa Russia.

Caucasus kutsogolo

Limodzi ndi zochitika za m'nyanja ndi Balkans nkhondo zinachitika mu Caucasus. Corps Russian m'chigawo anali kugonjetsa Turkey kumbuyo. Mu June 1828 anatha kutenga malo otetezeka a Kars. Njira ya Chirasha Turkey nkhondo ya 1828-1829. kuno ndi mu mtima wa Russia.

A zina kukwera Ivana Paskevicha asilikali anali kumva ndi tinjira ta ambiri phiri kusintha kovuta. Potsiriza, pa July 22, iye anaonekera pa makoma a mpanda wolimba wa Akhalkalaki. Detachment, kumbuyo izo, wopangidwa yekha wa anthu chikwi. Komanso, malinga ndi chitetezo cha linga ziyambe kukonzedwa. Ngakhale izi kaboma anakana kuti mudzipereke.

Poyankha, mfuti Russian tima shelling anayamba. The linga anagwa maola atatu okha. Oyenda pansi pachikuto cha zida zankhondo msanga katswiri malinga onse ndi linga lalikulu. Zinali bwino ina imene sizidzakumbukiridwa Chirasha Turkey nkhondo (1828-1829). Nkhondo yaikulu zinachitika pa nthawi iyi mu Balkans. Mu Caucasus, asilikali Russian tikumenyana ndi detachments yaing'ono, kugonjetsa zopinga zachilengedwe.

August 5, iye anawoloka Kura. Pa inflow ake anali linga zofunika Akhaltsikh. 8 zida zankhondo moto linatsegulidwa pa izo. Ichi chidachitika kuti anyenge 30000th asilikali a adani, akhala paduzi. Ndipo kotero izo zinachitika. Turkey anaganiza kuti Paskevich akukonzekera kukathyola mpanda wolimba.

Panthawiyo, asilikali Russian sidled kwa mdani mwadzidzidzi chiwembu. Paskevich anataya amuna 80 anaphedwa, pamene Turkey asiya nkhondo mitembo zikwi ziwiri. Zotsala anathawa. Kenako panali kukana noticeable mu Georgia.

Mu Caucasus, Chirasha Turkey nkhondo (1828-1829) Mwachidule, inatha mu fiasco kwa Ottoman. Paskevich wotanganidwa onse Georgia ano.

Ndipotu chidwi kuti ndakatulo kwambiri Alexander Pushkin pa nthawi ino anapita ku dziko. Iye anaona kugwa kwa Erzerum. nkhani imeneyi amanenedwa wolemba ntchito "Ulendo kuti Arzerum".

Zaka zingapo izi zisanachitike, Paskevich bwinobwino pomenyera ndi Perisiya, amene anakhala Chiwerengero. Pambuyo kugonjetsa Turkey, analandira Order wa St. George a mlingo woyamba.

Mtendere ndi zotsatira

Pamene negotiated ndi Turkey, mu St. Petersburg usavutike mtsutso za ngati kuthetsa nkhondo, kapena kuti ku Istanbul. Nicholas, yemwe posachedwapa anatenga mpandowachifumu, anachita mantha. Iye sanafune kulowa nkhondo ndi Austria, omwe anatsutsa kulimbitsa Russia.

Pofuna kuthetsa vutoli, mfumu anakhazikitsa komiti yapadera. Pamafunikanso ogwira ambiri amene anali wosadziŵa m'magazini kuti anali patsogolo pawo. Iwo anatenga chikalata malinga ndi zomwe, anaganiza kuti asiye Constantinople.

Maphwando nkhondo ndi mtendere 2 September 1829. Chikalatachi yosainidwa mu Adrianople. Russia walandira mizinda zambiri kugombe la kum'mawa kwa Nyanja Black. Komanso, wadutsa wa Danube Delta. The zotsatira za Chirasha Turkey nkhondo ya 1828-1829. komanso anapeza kuti Port kuzindikira kusintha kwa Russia madera osiyanasiyana mu Caucasus. Zinali maufumu Chijojiya ndi maukulu. The Ottoman komanso anatsimikizira kuti angavomereze ndi kudziyimira pawokha kuti Serbia.

The anaonazo ziwachitikira ndi Danubian maukulu - Moldavia ndi Wallachia. Pa malire awo anali asilikali Russian. Kunali koyenera kusintha iwo. Izi zinali zotsatira yofunika ya Chirasha Turkey nkhondo ya 1828-1829. Greece analandira kudziyimira pawokha (ndipo patatha chaka - ufulu). Pomaliza, Port anayenera kulipira indemnity lalikulu.

Straits anakhala ufulu ngalawa Russian ogulitsa. Pankhaniyi mgwirizano si malamulo mthupi mwawo panthawi ya nkhondo. Unachititsa njakata m'tsogolo.

Chirasha Turkey nkhondo (1828-1829) zifukwa ndi zotsatira za zochitika zazikulu zomwe zafotokozedwa mu nkhaniyi, kodi kukwaniritsa cholinga chake chachikulu. Ufumu adafuna kuti akagwire Constantinople, amene anakaniza mu Europe. Ngakhale izi, dziko lathu wapitiriza kukula kum'mwera.

Chirasha Turkey nkhondo, 1806-1812, 1828-1829 ,. Ife anatsimikizira kukuchititsa zimenezi. Chirichonse anazondoketsedwa mu zaka zochepa. Atatsala pang'ono kufa kwa Nicholas ndinayamba Crimea nkhondo, imene ku Ulaya poyera anathandiza Turkey ndi anaukira Russia. Pambuyo Alexander II anali asintha m'dera lino ndi kuchita kukonza boma.