Ufumu wa Ottoman

Ottoman (Ottoman) Ufumu, amene mbiri inayamba ndi atumwi 14 (popeza kuchepa kwa Byzantium), unapangidwa Anatolia Turkey mafuko. State chinakhalapo mpaka 1922 kwambiri pachaka - kuyambira mapangidwe a Turkey Republic. Dzina Ottoman pambuyo Sultan choyamba - woyambitsa wa Osman mafumu.

Kumayambiriro kwa ulamuliro wa mfumu ina kumakhala cholowa chake, annexing gawo ku Marmara ndi Nyanja Black, mbali yaikulu ya kumadzulo dziko la Sakarya Mtsinje.

Atamwalira Uthman anasiyira ndi Orhan wake. Bursa (poyamba mzinda Byzantine) - Mu ulamuliro wake, boma likulu anali naye.

Pambuyo Orhan anakhala wolamulira wa mwana wake wamkulu Murad 1. States uyu anali mulimbitse pamaso pa asilikali ake m'chigawo cha Europe. Murad 1 mu 1389 anagonjetsa kalonga Chisebiya pa Kosovo Polje. Chifukwa cha nkhondo iyi Ottoman amamuonera kwambiri m'dera kum'mwera kwa Danube.

dongosolo la boma m'dziko zinali zochokera osakaniza Byzantine, Seljuk ndi chikhalidwe ndi miyambo Arab. Pa dziko kuti anagonjetsedwa ndi Ottoman, anayesa kukhalabe kutali zedi miyambo m'deralo, osati kuwononga ubwenzi mbiri.

Kuwonjezera dera la Ottoman mu ulamuliro wa mwana wake Murad 1, Bayezid 1. chigonjetso kwambiri anali Nkhondo ya Nikopoli mu 1396 (pa Danube). Komabe, ngakhale kutukuka kunja, Ottoman Ufumu zowawa chifukwa cha mavuto aakulu kwambiri, onse kunja ndi mkati. Makamaka makhalidwe khalidwe wolamulirayo, harem wake yaikulu, mwambo chabwino mu nyumba yachifumu anaitana ambiri Ghazi mkwiyo. Komanso, nkhawa inali ndi kukwera Bayazid ndi Asilamu ndipo ena Gazi mu Asia Minor. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, ambiri Beys m'dera anasamukira ku Tamerlane ndipo anawatsimikizira kuyamba ndi Ottoman wolamulira nkhondo.

Chifukwa cha nkhondo mu 1402 asilikali Bayezid linagonjetsedwa ndipo anagwidwa ndi wolamulira weniweniyo. The Ottoman anali unagawanika chifukwa ntchito imene wotsatira wa Tamerlane. Komabe, sultans izo chinapitirira ulamuliro madera ena a dziko.

Cha m'ma 15 mu boma Ottoman zinachitikadi lamulo la mkati ziŵalo ndi kukula kunja ndi kulimbitsa malire.

The "golide" pakuti ufumu wa anadzakhala atumwi 16. Nthawi imeneyi ankalamulira Sulaiman 1, Ufumuyo chofunika kwambiri kulimbikitsa mphamvu panyanja ya boma. Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 16 anali heyday a zomangamanga ndi mabuku.

Mu Ottoman kuti nthaŵi imeneyo chogwidwa ndi asapita ang'onoang'ono, ndipo gulu lankhondo ndi dongosolo utsogoleri anali kusasintha malamulo.

Tikumbukenso kuti pambuyo nthawi iyi (pambuyo ulamuliro Suleyman 1) sultans ambiri anali mokwanira olamulira ofooka. Mu zaka za m'ma 17, boma ali kusintha boma. Kale mu ufumu analipo mwambo wankhanza kwambiri - kulowa wachifumu wa Sultan kupha abale ake onse. Kuyambira 1603 olamulira abale ndi mabanja awo amalimbikitsa makamaka gawo akumidzi a nyumba yachifumu, komwe anakhala moyo wake wonse, imfa ya bwanamkubwa. Pamene yakumeneko anafa, malo ake adadza wamkulu akaidi. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, sultans sanali pafupifupi onse analamulira zaka 17-18, kukula m'nzeru ndipo, ndithudi, sadziwa ndale. Chifukwa chakuti sizinali woyenera wolamulirayo, ndi dziko yaikulu anayamba kutaya mgwirizano ndi boma umene unayamba kufooketsa mofulumira.

Chifukwa Ufumu wa Ottoman m'zaka za m'ma 18, kuti wataya zambiri za mphamvu yake mu Mediterranean. Kumalizidwa kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri nkhondo chikwiyire kuukira kwambiri pa dziko. Choncho ufumuwo anapeza, koma mdani wakale wa Austria, ndi mdani watsopano - Russia.