Kupululutsa - ndi chiyani ichi? Tanthauzo la mawu akuti "kupululutsa." Chiwembuchi wa anthu mu mbiri

Nthawi zina mawu amenewa, ndilo lonse kutukuka dziko zikuchepa zoipa, kusokonezedwa ndi ofanana mu chikhalidwe Kasupe wa mokwiya chikhalidwe. M'nkhaniyi tiona zimene zikutanthauza zoona, khama mawonetseredwe yake omveka mu uchimo wake.

tanthauzo

Choncho, chiwembuchi - mlandu anachita ndi cholinga kuwononga, kupeputsa chathunthu zina gulu la anthu chifukwa cha:

• Modzikhulupirira kukhulupirira kuti mafuko anthu Udzalamulira ena. Kuyesa kuthetseratu amene sindimakonda makhalidwe kwachilengedwenso.
• Akukana angapo mitundu, kuzindikira za "otsika" ndi "osayenera". Kachiwiri ndi mawonekedwe aukali, maziko amakhulupirira kuti "m'kalasi yachiwiri" sayenera.
• Kukana kusankha chipembedzo.

Kupululutsa - chodabwitsa kuti, kuwonjezera pa chiwonongeko mwachindunji thupi, mchitidwe polenga zinthu kosati imene pofuna kwa "adani," ndi zosatheka. Mwachitsanzo, pamene izo zifika ku chipembedzo, khalidwe moumiriza kuchotsa ana ndi mabanja awo. Kuchitanso ambiri kupewa kubereka zina.

Mbiri ya zikamera akuti

Chiyambi cha boma cha kuzindikira kupululutsa chinaikidwa pa mapeto a Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World. Iye anayambitsa loya wake Raphael Lemkin, nzika Polish ndi Myuda mwa kubadwa. A m'banja lake anali akuvutika chifukwa cha Nazi, ndi kuti mawu akuti "kupululutsa" Professor Lemkin ankafuna kuti athe kufotokoza wokhala nkhanza malamulo a Nazi amene anapha anthu ambiri osati nthawi kuchokera 1939 mpaka 1945, koma zimene zinachitika pa zaka ziwiri dongosolo. Ndi za momwe modekha ndi purposefully mu 1915 anaphedwa Armenia ambiri ndi madalitso a Ottoman.

Palokha, mawu akuti "kupululutsa" zachokera Greek mawu "genos" kutanthauza "mtundu" ndi Latin "tsido" kutanthauza "kupha".

Kuzindikila

Mu zikalata zofunikira mawu woyamba anaonekera pa Nuremberg Mayesero - chiwembuchi anthu m'gulu chiganizo kuti mokwanira kufotokoza nkhanza zonse zimene Nazi anachita panthawi ya nkhondo. Komabe, izi sizinali zokwanira, kuti liwu zinali zoona.

Chakumapeto 1948, UN anatenga Convention wodzipereka kwa milandu fuko. Mwa kwathunthu kwambiri zokhazikitsa zinthu zonse kuti mayiko amene ayamba Convention, ayenera mosamalitsa kutsatira. Fuko, kaya mtundu uliwonse ndi mawonetseredwe, ayenera kupewedwa modetsa kuwakhaulitsa. The pakati pa magulu a anthu amene akanakhoza zingakhale kuti akuponderezedwa, panalibe malo amene amagwirizana ndi maganizo ofanana ndale. Chifukwa cha ichi, nthawi, anapeza chiwembuchi "mng'ono" - politicide.

Chiameniya kupululutsa

Kumapeto kwa April chaka, dziko akukumbukira oimira ambiri wa anthu Chiameniya kuti akodwa ulamuliro wa Ottoman. Chiameniya kupululutsa - mlandu akuluakulu ndi anthu. Kuchokera April 24 mpaka mapeto a June pa dera la Ottoman anali losema osachepera oposa 1.5 miliyoni luntha Chiameniya. Chifukwa, osati umodzi zamakolo munthu sakhala kumadzulo kwa Armenia.

Mpaka mliri wa First World nkhondo, ku Armenia padziko lonse akhala osachepera 4 miliyoni Malinga ndi lipoti la boma ndi ambiri amakhala dera la Ottoman Kalanga. Malingaliro a boma, lomwe tsopano limatchedwa Turkey sadzalekerera anthu a anthu osakhala Turkic.

The Chiameniya kupululutsa - loyamba kukamba mchitidwe wa olusa amene anatsegula chitseko kwa ena mu zaka mazana makumi awiri. Iye anabwera kuchokera mu magawo 2:

• Ngakhale pamaso pa First World nkhondo, anaganiza kuti awononge anthu ndi Fuko la anthu Chiameniya, koma ndiye kuukira bandit anali m'deralo. Komabe, pofika cha 1896 chifukwa cha Zimene Ottoman oposa 300 zikwi Armenia anataya miyoyo yawo. Ngakhale zili choncho, ambiri a iwo ndi m'nyumba zawo, podziwa kuti ndi chiyambi chabe.
• Mbali adadza wachiwiri kugwira mwamsanga pamene anafika mu 1915. boma anaganiza kuti m'pofunika kukhwimitsa kwambiri kuthetsa anthu Chiameniya. Pa tsiku loyamba la "ntchito wosakaza", pa April 24, anaphedwa za zana 8 Armenia. Mu nthawi kuchokera May kwa June mu Ottoman patsogolo kupha kusalankhula. Zotsatira zake motere: anapha anthu oposa 1.5 miliyoni, pafupifupi ambiri anatengedwa ukapolo.

Chiwembuchi Chiameniya - ichi ndi chifukwa chachikulu kuti lero mtundu omwazikana padziko lonse, monga anthu, kuti apulumutse moyo wawo, anapeza nyumba yatsopano kuchokera kunyumba - amene ali kumene.

Chiwembuchi ya Ayuda. Nazi

Mapeto a XIX m'ma "anapereka" maganizo German zochokera Kuda mitundu imene Ayuda pabwino onyamula zizindikiro unusable, amene chimawononga yaikulu lonse la anthu onse. Kuti wotsutsa-Semitism pa malo mitundu anakhala cholinga cha maganizo amene anaberekera Adolf Hitler woyamikira ndi khutu omvera. Mwamsanga pamene iye anayamba kulamulira, nthawi yomweyo anayamba kukwaniritsa malonjezo ake. Kuyambira 1933 Ayuda kuzunzidwa, kuponderezedwa ndi kuwononga alonda Nazi.

Kumapeto kwa July 1941 Goering kutsimikizidwa ndi zinasaina kuti wapadera, zomwe cholinga chake chinali potsiriza kuthetsa funso Ayuda.

Choyamba chinali chilengedwe cha ghetto Ayuda, pamene iwo anayamba kusuntha, kuwamana katundu ndi nyumba.

Kufanana kwa izi, anayamba kumanga ambiri m'misasa imfa, yomwe panagona awo anaikira malawi munthawi yomweyo ambiri anthu kumeneko. Ndipotu, anali mantha conveyor imfa, imene anthu anachita ndi sanabwerere.

Mu December 1941, msasa woyamba anayamba ntchito yake - iwo anapita ku sitima wosatha wa iwo amene ankakhala mu ghetto ndi kuyesera chiyembekezo cha zabwino.

Pa zoyambirira za 1942 izo anapha osachepera 300,000 Ayuda kale kukhala mu Warsaw. Lamkunkhuniza kupha makina yekha ikupita patsogolo, ndipo pakutha Kwachiwiri World nkhondo Ayuda zomvetsa analipo pafupifupi mamiliyoni 6 mwa anthu wamba, koma ichi ndi chiwerengero zoyerekeza - Anazi yopsereza midzi yonseyo, palibe uthenga, palibe umboni, palibe njira kudziwa tsokali.

chiwembuchi wa Kurds

Chikudishi kupululutsa - izo ndi zinthu mokwiya pa mbali ya boma aku Iraq ndi dalitso la mtsogoleri wake Saddam Hussein mwachibale kwa Chikudishi anthu a mafuko. Unachitikira mu magawo angapo:

• Gawo loyamba yagwiridwira m'ma 1983, pamene amuna ndi anyamata achikulire zaka 15 anaphedwa. Anathamangitsidwa m'dzikomo Kurds onse a fuko la Barzan, kuchotsedwa m'dera msasa mabwerero wosadziwika, palibe amene anabwerera.
• Sitepe yachiwiri chiwembu anali ofanana ndi oyamba koma ali ndi utali wozungulira akuluakulu chotupa. Kuti anali "Opaleshoni Anfal" (Trophy), ikuchitika ndi asilikali aku Iraq kwa zaka 2, kuyambira 1987. Iwo anaphedwa kapena anakamanga chikusowekabe 2 masauzande mafuko Chikudishi.

Kuchuluka kwa nkhanza linaonekera pambuyo kupasula Saddam - napeza m'manda misa ndi zozunzirako, imene anthu osachepera 700,000 akhala anamaliza, anataya ufulu wawo, koma anakwanitsa kupulumuka chiwembuchi wa Kurds. Kunapatsa Hussein? Kumverera kwa mphamvuzonse ndi kulangidwa, mwina, koma atagwa mwamsanga adakana. Komabe, za miliyoni anakhala othawa kwawo, asalandidwe malo ogona, kupatulapo akufa.

Kupululutsa - si kunja kuopseza

Mavuto zimachitika mwa mtundu umodzi. Osati akwata izi, ndi Russia. Kugwirira atsogoleri negate bwino ndiponso kulaks anatembenuka mavuto a anthu.

Mu zaka 30 zaka mazana makumi awiri, dispossession, popanda kukokomeza, anali wa mawonekedwe a looting poyera ndi nkhanza. zigawo zonse za anthu tinthunthumirebe - aphunzitsi ngakhalenso alimi kapena ansembe sadathe kuthawa chala chilango ofanana konsekonse. Kodi mu nkhani iyi ikutanthauza kupululutsa anthu ake omwe? Izi kuwamana lonse kudzera umwini, ulalo, kukanidwa ndi msanga.