Nkhondo ya Crimea

Nkhondo ya Crimea ya 1853-1856 inayamba kukambidwa ngati Russian-Turkish imodzi. Nkhani ya nkhondoyo inali kulamulira ku Middle East.

Nkhondo ya ku Crimea, yomwe imayambitsanso kukula kwa gulu la ufulu ku dziko la Ottoman ndi kuwonongeka kwa mphamvu ya Sultan, mmalo movomereza ulamuliro wa autocracy, kunawononga kwambiri mphamvu ya mkati ndi kunja kwa tsarism.

Nicholas 1 adafuna kuti athandizepo pa zochitika za ku Turkey kuti athetse chiwonongeko chamagazi. Mu 1850, boma la Napoleon lochokera ku Abdulmajid (Turkish sultan) linalamula kuti atsogoleri achikatolika ku Palestina apatsidwe "mafungulo a Ambuye wa Sepulcher". Pankhani iyi, ansembe a Orthodox ku Yerusalemu adatembenukira kwa Nicholas 1 kuti awathandize. A Russian Tsar anatumiza Menshikov (msilikali wake wodabwitsa) ku Constantinople mu 1853.

Prince Menshikov, mwa njira yowonjezereka, adapempha zoyenera ku Turkey. Anapempha kuchokera ku sultan wa Turkey kuti adziwe kuti dziko la Nicholas 1 likuyang'anira maphunziro a Orthodox ku Turkey. Zotsatira za Menshikov anakanidwa ndi Sultan, mothandizidwa ndi France ndi Great Britain.

A Russian Tsar, atachotsa kazembe ku Turkey, akulamula kuti awononge asilikali ake mu makina a Danube. Mu 1853 pa June 21, maulamuliro a ku Russia, osakumana ndi zovuta pa njira yawo, adagonjetsa akuluakulu omwe anali a sultan.

Kuwonjezeka kwa nkhondoyi kunayendetsedwa ndi mfundo yakuti palibe mphamvu imodzi ya ku Ulaya yomwe inakhutitsidwa ndi kulimbikitsidwa kwa Russia potsalira madera a Turkey. Kufufuza kolakwika kwa Russian tsar ya mdzikoli kunayambitsa kusamvana kwa Russia. Izi zinatsimikizira zotsatira za zankhondo zomwe zikubwera.

Ntchito za usilikali zinayamba mu 1853, pa October 23, pakamwa kwa Danube. Madzulo a November 28, asilikali okwana 5,000 a ku Turkey adagonjetsa Batumi ndi Poti pampando wa St. Nicholas. Ichi chinali chiyambi cha ntchito za usilikali m'madera a Caucasus. Apa malo a asilikali a Russia anali ovuta. Kulimbana ndi nkhondo kunalepheretsa kukana kwa okwera mapiri.

November 18 anawona nkhondo ya Sinop. Kugonjetsa kwa zombo za ku Russia, zomwe Nakhimov analamula, zinali zogometsa. Asilikali a ku Russia, osatayika sitima imodzi, anatumiza gulu la asilikali ku Turkey. Mtsogoleri Osman Pasha adatengedwa wamndende.

Nkhondo ya ku Crimea inapitirizabe ndi kulowa usilikali ku France ndi ku Britain. Mu 1853, pa December 23, asilikali a ku France ndi a Britain, atapititsa Bosporus, adalowa ku Black Sea. Nayenso boma la Russia linalengeza nkhondo ya France ndi Britain mu 1854, pa February 9.

M'zaka zonse za 1854, zida za ku France ndi ku Britain zinagunda m'njira zosiyanasiyana m'madera osiyanasiyana a ku Russia.

Nkhondo ya ku Crimea inali yoopsa kwambiri. Asilikali a ku Russia analamula Menshikov, omwe ankaganiza kuti ku Crimea sikungatheke kuti adaniwo apite. Pambuyo pa mtsinje wa Alma, adagonjetsedwa, akuyesa kuimitsa a France ndi a British. Amachoka ku Sevastopol, kenako ku Bakhchisarai.

Nkhondo ya Crimea inapitiriza kuzungulira Sevastopol. Bombardment yoyamba inachitika mu 1854, pa October 5. Komabe, mzindawo unayankha ndi moto kuchokera mfuti. Kuzingidwa kwa Sevastopol kunayamba kukoka kunja. Othandizira anabwera kuchokera ku Russia. Menshikov anaganiza kugunda kumbuyo kwa mdani, koma adagonjetsedwa pa October 24 mu nkhondo ya Inkerman.

Mu 1854, pa December 28, msonkhano wa amishonale a Russia, Austria, France, ndi Great Britain unachitikira ku Vienna. Mafunso a mtendere adakambidwa. Komabe, palibe mgwirizano womwe unalembedwa pa imfa ya Nicholas 1. Alesandro 2 sanayesetse kuvomereza zomwe zinayikidwa.

Kumayambiriro kwa 1855, nkhondo ya Crimea inapitiliza ndi Sardinia, yomwe idalowa mkati. Gorchakov, kuyesa kufooketsa chiwonongekochi pa Sevastopol, anaukira mdani ku mtsinje wa Chernaya. Komabe, iye anagonjetsedwa, omwe, pamapeto, anakonzeratu kugwa kwa mzindawu.

August 7 anali ndi Malakhov Kurgan.

Mu 1855, mu December, ntchito za usilikali zinatha ponseponse. Pa nthawi yomweyo, nkhani za mtendere zinayambiranso. M'masiku otsiriza a February 1856 Congress ya Paris inatsegulidwa. Anamaliza ntchito yake pa March 18 ndi mapeto a mgwirizano wa mtendere wa Paris.