Sachsenhausen - yozunzirako. History, malongosoledwe. milandu Nazi

Kodi munaonapo Sachsenhausen (kundende ina)? Ndi chiyani icho? Amene anazilenga? Awa ndi mafunso ena akhoza kupeza mayankho mu nkhani. Sachsenhausen ndi yozunzirako ndi Nazi. Iye anayikidwa mu Germany, pafupi ndi tauni ya Oranienburg. Mu 1945, 22 April, iye anamasulidwa ndi asilikali a Soviet. Pamaso 1950, malowa anali msasa kupita osamutsidwa wa NKVD.

nkhani

Sachsenhausen (yozunzirako) anakhazikitsidwa mu 1936, mu July. Kwa zaka zambiri, chiwerengero cha akaidi uli m'bukuli, anthu 60 000. Pa gawo la fakitale la imfa iyi zinapha anthu osiyanasiyana njira 100 000 akaidi.

Pali okonzeka ndi perepodgotavlivalis "cadres" chifukwa misasa kale anakhazikitsa ndi wongokhazikitsidwa. About kundende kwa August 2, 1936 munali likulu la "Ngati nkutheka zozunzirako", umene March 1942 membala wa chiwongolero gulu D (yozunzirako) zachuma-utsogoleri thupi Main SS.

Sachsenhausen - kundende ina komwe Committee kauntala mobisa unakhazikitsidwa, amene amayang'anira yaikulu, chachikulu conspiratorial gulu la akaidi. The Gestapo mbasowa ake. Mobisa kutsogoleredwa ndi General dzina lake Aleksandr Semonovich Zotov.

Mu 1945, 21 April, anapatsidwa kuti kuyamba ulendo imfa. Nazi anakonza oposa 30 zikwi akaidi mizati amuna 500 kuponya mu Baltic Nyanja Riviera ndipo anaikidwa pa mabwato. Iwo ankafuna khoti kuti mupewe kuchoka kumtunda ndipo adzawonongedwa. anthu kutopa ndi m'mbuyo pa ulendo anawomberedwa. Choncho, Mecklenburg mu nkhalango pafupi Belova akaidi mazana angapo anaphedwa. Anakonza misa liquidation akaidi Koma sanathe akuyendera, kuyambira chithandizo atafika, asilikali a Soviet. Iwo ali pa chiyambi cha May 1945 anamasula pa kuguba.

G. N. Van der Bel (Sachsenhausen mkaidi pansi nambala 38190) analemba kuti 26 000 akaidi pa April 20, anasiya msasa usiku. Ndicho chimene anayamba ulendo. Kumene, choyamba iwo apeza ngolo ndi khutu lake kunja kwa odwala kunoko.

Pafupifupi theka la akaidi amene anakhala nawo pa ulendo wa imfa kapena aphedwa panjira, kapena kumwalira. Koma anapulumuka mboni. mayunitsi mwaukadauloZida la asilikali Soviet mu 1945, April 22, analowa Sachsenhausen (kundende ina), umene panthawi imeneyo anali pafupifupi 3,000 akaidi.

"A" nsanja

Timapitiriza kuti tiganizire moposera Sachsenhausen (yozunzirako). Tower "A" - ndichiyani? Iwo ELECTROPULT amene kugawira panopa ntchito kwa waya waminga ndi mauna anatambasula pa msasa ku kansalu chachikulu. Nsanja nayenso anakonza commandant ndi mphaka kundende. Pa zipata anali lolembedwa ndi amakayikira mawu Arbeit macht frei ( «Ntchito zimakupangitsa iwe ufulu"). Total yozunzirako anali nsanja naintini, kumene akuwombera m'gawo lake.

macheke Platz

choopsa kwambiri anali kundende (yozunzirako). Mbiri imasonyeza kuti mu malo awa panali chiphasochi perete-pansi. Pa zinachitikadi akuitana mayina katatu patsiku. Ngati panali kuthawa kulowa mumsasa, akaidiwo kukakamizidwa kuti ayime pa nthaka perete malinga ngati amathawathawa si kugwidwa. Pa malo ankachititsanso anaphera anthu - pali zokoloweka.

siteshoni Z

Zimangooneka ngati Sachsenhausen (kundende ina)? Photos wa bungwe limeneli lili mu buku lililonse thematic. Iwo akhoza kuwona siteshoni Z - nyumba imene ili kunja kwa dera la m'ndendeyo. Kuti padali wopereka kupulula.

nyumba imeneyi anaikidwa pa chida imene wakupha kuwomberedwa mu mutu, chipinda cha gasi, Anamanga mu 1943, ndi nyumba imene ankawotcheramo mitembo tichipeza ng'anjo anayi. Nthawi zina anthu zoyendera anapita kumeneko mwachindunji sitinadzere mwa kulembetsa kundende. N'chifukwa chake sangathe kudziwa chiwerengero chenicheni cha anthu amene adamphera pano.

Walani mayeso

Padziko pansi perete Ine linaikidwa njanji kuchokera zokutira zisanu ndi zinayi zosiyanasiyana Anazi amapangidwa kuti nsapato kuyezetsa. Daily anasankha akaidi pa izo anagonjetsa sorokakilometrovye mtunda imathamanga osiyana. Izi mayeso 1944, SS kobvuta. Iwo anakakamizika anthu kuvala nsapato ndi kunyamula zikwama ang'onoang'ono a khumi ndi zina makilogalamu twente-faifi. Akaidi akakhale nsapato khalidwe cheke nthawi mwezi umodzi kwa chaka chimodzi. Ngati munthu wachita mlandu makamaka lalikulu kwambiri, akapatsidwa ndi chiganizo kalekale.

uchigawenga ankatengedwa zonyoza zimayenda, kuthawa, kukonzanso amafuna kuthawa, ulendo kunyumba ina, incitement kuti upandu, posts Kukwezeleza transmitters yachilendo, zogona ana (art. 176), uhule ndi amuna anzanga, kugwiriridwa kapena kukakamiza anthu mwamuna ndi mkazi msasa wawo waukulu amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha wachita pabanja agwirizana amuna mwamuna ndi mkazi. Amuna, amene anafika ku Sachsenhausen, chilango chopitirira Analandira nthawi yomweyo (Nkhani 175 ndi 175a).

m'chipindacho kuchipatala

Sachsenhausen - kundende ina, kumene zatsopano mankhwala ikuchitika zoopsa. chinthu ichi umaperekedwa mabungwe zachipatala Germany chionetsero anatomical zinthu.

Chemba kwa Kuphedwa

The zambiri wotchuka Sachsenhausen (kundende ina)? Mndandanda wa akaidi lalikulu. fakitale imfa anali okonzeka ndi otchedwa kuwombera gallery, ndi mosungira mitembo, zokoloweka makina ndi strelbischnym kutsinde. Zokoloweka anali okonzeka ndi kuzungulira kwa wandende mutu ndi bokosi limene kuika mapazi ake. Ndipotu, munthuyo anali anatambasula, osati anapachikidwa. The Gestapo ntchito ngati chandamale, nachita kuwombera.

nyumba m'ndende

Mumsasa Gestapo m'ndende ndi Tselenbau anali anamangidwa mu 1936. Ali ndi T-mawonekedwe. akaidi apadera kwandekha ndi makumi asanu ndi atatu. Mmodzi mwa iwo anali General Stefan Grot-Stefan Rowecki - Mtsogoleri woyamba wa Home Army. Iye anawomberedwa mu m'ndendeyo pambuyo chiyambi cha ku Warsaw Zipolowe.

anthu ambiri odzipereka Sachsenhausen (yozunzirako). Bandera Stepan Taras Bulba-Borovets ndi ena atsogoleri ena a kayendedwe mtundu mu Ukraine akhala kutha ndendeyi. Ena a iwo a ku Germany linatulutsidwa kumapeto 1944.

Panali kuvutika mu ukapolo ndi m'busa Nemoller. M'kaidi izi muli ansembe ena (pafupifupi 600 miyoyo), akuluakulu mkulu wa asilikali, kanjedza maboma, komanso mamembala a gulu ntchito ku France, Netherlands, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Germany, ndi USSR ndi Luxembourg.

Lero, lonse kumanzere mapiko a ndende yekha mu zipinda zisanu zomwe ndi chionetsero kwamuyaya kwa nthawi National Socialist. Iye amauza za zochita za fakitale la imfa iyi. Mu ena zipinda zina (Gen. Grot-Stefan Rowecki) wokwera akaidi mipukutuyi msasa.

NKVD msasa wapadera

Mu 1945, mu August, iye anasamutsidwa kundende "msasa Special nambala 7" wa NKVD. Izi anaikidwa kale anali akaidi a nkhondo. Iwo anali nzika Soviet, chikuyembekezeka kubwerera ku USSR, ndi Democrats Social, kusakhutira ndi chikominisi-zokomera dongosolo chikhalidwe, anthu amene kale anali wa chipani cha Nazi, komanso akazembe akale German "Wehrmacht" ndi alendo. Mu 1948, malo ichi anadzatchedwa "Special msasa nambala 1". Chifukwa cha zimenezi, panali yaikulu m'misasa atatu wapadera, zomwe zili awamanga m'dera la Soviet zochita. Izo zinali kutsekedwa mu 1950.

kukhazikitsidwa zinachitika zaka 5 zokha. Koma nthawi iyi anakwanitsa kutenga 60,000 Soviet akaidi a nkhondo, amene cha kutopa ndi njala pamene m'ndende anafa pafupi 12 zikwi miyoyo.

magulu a akaidi

Today n'kovuta kuti anthu kukumbukira Sachsenhausen (yozunzirako). Mndandanda wa akaidi ndi yaikulu. Tsopano ife tinena za magulu a akaidi. Malinga ndi malipoti ena, mu Sachsenhausen TV pinki makona anali, mwa ena. Mu nthawi kuyambira chiyambi cha m'ndendeyo mpaka 1943 adaphedwa nthumwi 600 wa ing'onoing'ono kugonana. Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1943, anthu gay mu makamaka ntchito mu anamwino msasa kuchipatala ndi madokotala. Nkhondo ambiri mwa akaidiwo kupulumuka anali amuna anzanga, boma la Germany sanali kuwapatsa chipukuta misozi.

Sachsenhausen lero

GDR boma 1956 adzaika yozunzirako anthu ku dera la chikumbutso mayiko, amene linakhazikitsidwa mu 1961, pa April 23. Kenako boma anakonza dismantle gawo la mikango nyumba choyambirira ndi kukhazikitsa chosungunula ndi obelisk, kulenga malo misonkhano. Udindo kwambiri anatsindika chitsutso ndale ndi zooneka poyerekeza ndi magulu ena.

Today Sachsenhausen ndi owonetsera zakale ndi chikumbutso. m'gawo lake ndi lotseguka kwa anthu. nyumba zingapo ndipo nyumba zinasungidwa ndipo akhala ankamangidwanso: kundende zipata, nsanja, msasa m'chipindacho (pa gawo la Ayuda) ndi mauvuni nyumba imene ankawotcheramo mitembo.

Okumbukira anthu amene anaphedwa mu amuna msasa mwambo zolengeza chinaonetsedwa mu 1992. Mu nyumbayi mu 1998, panali chionetsero zoyenera Mboni za Yehova kuti - akaidi wa kundende.

akaidi lodziwika

Ambiri akhoza kuuzidwa za Sachsenhausen (yozunzirako). Wapamwamba akaidi kuphunzira wake kutali. Akaidi wotchuka fakitale la imfa iyi anali motere:

• Mwana I. V. Stalina - Dzhugashvili Yakobo. wotchi wake kuwomberedwa mu 1943, April 14, pa kuyesa woonekeratu kuthawa.
• Stepan Bandera - mtsogoleri wa nationalists Chiyukireniya. Anamasulidwa ndi boma German.
• Jaroslav Stetsko - mtsogoleri wa nationalists Chiyukireniya. Anamasulidwa ndi akuluakulu German.
• Dmitriy Mihaylovich Karbyshev - ukapolo Red Army ambiri. Anam'samutsira Mauthausen, kumene anakafa.
• Lambert Horn - chikominisi, German onse ndi ndale chithunzi. Iye anafa khansa.
• Fritz Thyssen - German industrialist ndi wandale, mutu wa kampani yopanga zitsulo. Anam'samutsira Buchenwald.
• Dzina lake Aleksandr Semonovich Zotov - General amene anatsogolera msasa mobisa.
• Jurek Becker - German Wolemba screenwriter, linali mu msasa pang'ono, ndi mayi wake.
• Max Lademann - German ndale komanso womenyera ufulu, chikominisi, chosintha.
• Lothar Erdmann - Social Democrat, mtolankhani German.

commandants wa zozunzirako

The commandant wa Sachsenhausen anali Karl Otto Koch (July 1936 - July 1937), Gans Helvig (August 1937 - 1938), Hermann Baranowski (1938 - September 1939), Walter Eisfeld (September 1939 - March 1940), Hans Loritz (April 1940 - August 1942), Anton Kaindl (August 31, 1942 - April 22, 1945).

Msewu ku Sachsenhausen

Ambiri chidwi kuona Sachsenhausen (yozunzirako). Momwe kundende imfa? M'pofunika Berlin Central Station galimoto malangizo kwa siteshoni Brandenburg Oranienburg wakunja kwatawuni sitima (S-Bahn). ulendo kumatenga mphindi 45.

Mukadziwa anafika ku Oranienburg (lomaliza amasiya), muyenera kuyenda kundende 3 Km (kuyenda amatenga Mphindi 20) kapena amutenge iye basi. M'nyumbayi pakhomo ndi kwaulere. Pano mukhoza kugula chitsogozo audio. Ngati mukufuna kukhala Chiongoko, ndiye muyenera kusonkhanitsa gulu (osachepera anthu 15) .Each ali kulipira yuro 1. maulendo Pali zoperekedwa zilankhulo zonse.

ambiri ntchentche ndi ndege ku Russia kuti Berlin. Mungapeze mfundo za ndege wotchipa ku Germany. Komanso Berlin ku Moscow ndi siteshoni Chibelarusi sitima akhoza anafika pa sitima, amene amayendetsa angapo pa sabata. Travel nthawi maola 26 kuti 29.

zambiri

Anthu ambiri chisoni Sachsenhausen (yozunzirako). Stalin sanathenso amupulumutse kwa mwana wake. Blokfyurery lotsogoledwa ndi commandant wa mukampu mpikisano chikusintha zida za imfa. Monga pakati ndi SS, ndi nyumba imene ankawotcheramo mitembo ndi zokoloweka anali kupangitsa mantha pakati pa akaidi zikwizikwi za nkhondo, kundende. The zithunzi pa chionetserocho, ndi Mfundo ululu wina: nkhope akaidi kupita scaffold, panali Usaope, palibe mantha.

Amadziwika kuti kunja wa ku Germany sanathe kusiyanitsa pakati pa anthu Soviet - kwa iwo, iwo onse anali pa munthu mmodzi. Zinasonyeza Ayuda Anazi amakakamizidwa akaidi kumukhalitsa wamaliseche, kupeza mdulidwe. Ngati truncated Choncho Myuda. akaidiwo analamulanso kufuula mawu "chimanga". Ngati munthu lisp, ndi yomweyo kuwomberedwa.

Mofanana ndi m'misasa ena imfa, njira chipangizo wozunzikirapo amenewa anayamba pa kundende. Pakuti yaing'ono munthu chokhumudwitsa kukwapulidwa ndi timitengo ndi zitsulo waya, zikoti labala, anapachikidwa pa mtengo ndi zingwe kapena matcheni manja zopotoka. Izi mnyozo lotchedwa SS chilango, ndipo akaidi - zigawenga. Ndipotu yekha "upandu" akaidi anali kuti iwo anagwidwa kapena anali Ayuda. Lowopsya wozunzikirapo anatulukira kwa akazi amene akubereka. Pa Sachsenhausen akaidi Germany anakumana mitundu yatsopano ya ziphe, poizoni, mipweya, kukonzekera ndi Nthenda yofanana ndi tayifodi, amayaka ndipo kuvulala zina ndi matenda.

Zatsopano zotsatira pa anthu mankhwala zinalengedwa yekha pa akaidi Soviet. Kupha SS ntchito gasi wakupha tizirombo munda awonongeke. Koma iwo sankadziwa chimene mlingo woopsa chofunika kwa anthu. Kuthandauza kwa izo, anachita zinthu zatsopano pa akaidi m'magalimoto m'chipinda chapansi pa nyumba, kusintha mlingo ndi kukonza nthawi ya imfa.

Mu Sachsenhausen anaika adani ulamuliro wa Nazi ku Ulaya. Ngakhale chotchinga chinenero, kukhalapo mu msasa analamulira chenicheni interethnic umodzi, fraternity. Czechs, Norwegians, antifascists German, Dutch - magulu akuluakulu ntchito, Mtsogoleriyu a m'chipindacho, clerks anapulumutsa anthu Soviet. Chionetsero zizindikiro kuchuluka kwa umboni.

Ena mwa akaidi - ndi Danes ndi Norwegians - analandira maphukusi chakudya. Chiopsezo yekha, analowa chakudya ndi akaidi Soviet. Ngati anadziwika SS, ndipo awo ndi ena koopsa.