Mughals. Mughal Ufumu

India - ndi limodzi la mayiko waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse, ndi chikhalidwe wapadera ndi mbiri yochititsa chidwi. Makamaka, ofufuza ichi tsiku ndi funso mmene mwana wa Mtsogoleri wina wa Aarabu wa Ferghana, Babur, anali opanda bambo pa zaka 12, osati sanakhale wolakwiridwayo nkhani zandale ndipo anafa, komanso atagonjetsa kwa India ndipo adalenga munthu wa maufumu chachikulu cha Asia .

prehistory

Pamaso lomwe tsopano India ndi ena limati oyandikana wamphamvu Mughal Ufumu unakhazikitsidwa, dziko linagawanika mu maukulu ambiri yaing'ono. Nthaŵi zonse anali pansi anawazunza ndi nyumba wongosamukasamuka. Makamaka m'zaka za m'ma 5 pa malire a boma Gupta akuchita gawo kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa India ndi pafupi kudziko la kumpoto, mafuko a Huns atagonjetsa. Ngakhale kuti chaka 528-TH anathamangitsidwa, iwo anachoka ku India akanali waukulu formations boma. patapita zaka, maukulu ang'onoang'ono angapo muyanjane pansi pa utsogoleri wa wachikoka ndi wamasomphenya wolamulira Harsha Komabe, atamwalira, ufumu watsopano ndisungunuka ndi m'zaka 11 pa dera la Hindustan walowerera Asilamu motsogozedwa Mahmud wa Ghazni ndipo anakhazikitsa Delhi Sultanate. M'zaka za m'ma 13, boma angakane nkhondo ya ku Mongolia, koma kumapeto kwa 14 iwo unatha chifukwa cha nkhondo ya zikwi magulu a Timur. Ngakhale zili chomwechi, ukulu waukulu Delhi Sultanate chinakhalapo mpaka 1526, chaka. agonjetsi awo anakhala Mughal kutsogoleredwa ndi Babur - Timurid amene anabwera India ndi gulu lalikulu la asilikali lonse. asilikali ake pa nthawi imene anali ndi mphamvu zambiri mu chigawo, ndipo asilikali a Indian Raja sanathe kumuletsa kuti tipambane Indian kudela.

yonena za Babur

Woyamba Great Mogul la India anabadwa mu 1483, chaka m'gawo la Uzbekistan ano, mu mzinda wotchuka malonda Andijan. bambo ake anali Mtsogoleri wina wa Aarabu wa Fergana, yemwe anali mdzukulutuvi wa Tamerlane ndi mayi ake adadza kwa mtundu wa Genghis. Pamene Babnuru anali ndi zaka 12 zokha, anali mwana wamasiye, koma patatha zaka 2 anakwanitsa kugwila Samarkand. Nthawi zambiri, ofufuza mbiri ya anayambitsa Mughal Ufumu amasonyeza ubwana wake anali kufunafuna yekha mphamvu, ndipo ngakhale ndiye iye ankayembekezera loto kukhala mutu wa boma yaikulu. Chigonjetso pambuyo chigonjetso woyamba sanakhale nthaŵi yaitali, ndipo pambuyo pa miyezi 4 Babur anamuinga kumchotsa kwa Samarkand Sheibani Khan, amene anali wamkulu kuposa iye katatu. ZIMAKHALA wandale pa mulibe unakhala pansi ndipo anaonetsetsa kuti achinyamata Timurid anathawa ndi gulu lake Afghanistan. Pali mwayi anamwetulira ndi mnyamata, ndipo iye anagonjetsa Kabul. Koma okwiya chifukwa chakuti fiefdom wake - Samarkand malamulo abwera Chiuzibeki wolamulira, nampatsa mpumulo, ndipo iye mobwerezabwereza ankafuna kubwerera kumzinda uno. Iwo onse idatha kulephera, ndipo adzazindikira kuti kulibe kubwerera mbuyo, Babur anaganiza kugonjetsa India ndi anakhazikitsa boma latsopano.

Pamene boma Mughal linakhazikitsidwa

Mu 1519, chaka Babur anatsogolera ulendo ku North-West India, ndipo zaka 7 kenako anaganiza kugwila Delhi. Komanso, iye anagonjetsa Rajput kalonga maziko boma ndi pakati pa Agra. Choncho, 1529, chaka lachisanu ndi chinayi la kum'mawa Ufumu m'gulu m'dera la Afghanistan, Punjab ndi Ganges chigwa pansi malire a Bengal.

imfa ya Babur

Anamwalira tate wa Mughal Ufumu 1530. Pambuyo inalowa mpando wachifumu Hamayuna, Mughal Ufumu India chinakhalapo mpaka 1539, chaka pamene Pashtun mkulu Sher Shah anatulutsa iye ku dziko. Komabe, zaka 16 pambuyo Mughals anatha atengenso zinthu zawo ndi kubwerera ku Delhi. Pakuwoneratu kutha wake pafupi, Pulezidenti agawa ufumu pakati pa ana ake anayi, woikidwa mkulu wa iwo Hamayuna amene ayenera kusamalira Hindustani. Atatu ena Babur ndiyenera Kandahar, Kabul ndi Punjab, koma iwo anali pomvera m'bale mkulu.

Akbar Wamkulu

Mu 1542, chaka Hamayuna mwana. Iye natchedwa Akbar, ndi kuti mdzukulu uyu wa Babur kudzifufuza kuti ufumu linakhazikitsidwa ndi Mughals, anapita mpaka mu mbiri monga chitsanzo cha boma, pamene panalibe tsankho achipembedzo akunja. Iye anakwera pa mpando wachifumu, pafupifupi mofanana zaka oyambirira, ngati agogo ake aamuna ndi zaka 20 za moyo anakhala mu yimitsira a zachiwawa ndi kulimbitsa ulamuliro waukulu. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, mu 1574, chaka chinayi inatha mapangidwe boma limodzi ndi dongosolo bwino boma m'dera yosonkhanitsira msonkho. Iye ali wanzeru kwambiri munthu, Akbar Wamkulu kuonetsetsa dziko ndi ndalama yomanga mizikiti osati kokha, komanso akachisi Hindu ndi mipingo yachikhristu, imene amishonale analoledwa kutsegula mu Goa.

Jahangir

Wolamulira wotsatira wa ufumuwo anali mwana wachitatu wa Akbar Wamkulu - Selim. Anakwera wachifumu atamwalira atate wake, iye analamula kudzitchula Jahangir, amene anawamasulira amatanthauza "kudzagonjetsa dziko." Ilo linali lalifupi akuthwa yemwe woyamba wa zonse repeal lamulo kulolera zipembedzo kuposa otalikirana a Hindu ndi anthu ochokera m'mayiko ena amene sali Asilamu. Choncho, Mughals salinso timathandizidwa ndi anthu m'madera ambiri, ndipo anakakamizika nthawi kupondereza anthu kutsutsana ankatumikira-Raja awo.

Shah Jahan

Zaka zomalizira za ulamuliro wa Jahangir, amene anakhala osokoneza ku mapeto a moyo wake, anali nthawi zakuda ufumuwo, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ndi Mughals. Mfundo yakuti mu nyumba yachifumu ya kulimbana kwa mphamvu mu nawo yogwira mkazi waukulu yakumeneko ndi dzina la Nur Jahan. Nthawi imeneyi, mwana wachitatu wa Jahangir, amene anakwatira mwana wa a ondipeza, anatsimikiza kuti amatengerapo mwayi ndipo anapanga kulengeza yekha monga wolowa kuti kuzilambalala abale. Pambuyo pa imfa ya bambo ake, ndipo adafika ku mpando wachifumu ndi analamulira zaka 31. Panthawi imeneyi likulu la Mughals - Agra wakhala umodzi mwa mizinda yokongola kwambiri ku Asia. Pa nthawi yomweyo, iye ndiye anaganiza, mu 1648, chaka kuti likulu la dzikoli Delhi, Red Fort anamanga. Choncho, mzindawo unakhala likulu lachiwiri la ufumuwo, ndipo kumeneko mu 1858, chaka cha asilikali British analandidwa otsiriza Great Mogul, pamodzi ndi achibale. Choncho anathetsa nkhani ya ufumu umene wasiya cholowa chachikulu.

Likulu la Mughal

Monga tanenera kale, mudzi waukulu wa ufumu mu 1528, chaka Babur anapanga Agra. Lero ndi imodzi mwa malo wotchuka alendo a Asia, ngati pali zipilala zambirimbiri za zomangamanga za nthawi Mughal. Makamaka, onse amadziwika wotchuka Taj Mahal anamanga Shah Jahan mkazi wake wokondedwa. Omangawo wapadera ndi chimodzi cha zinthu zodabwitsa za dziko ndipo amagwira ungwiro awo ndi ulemerero.

Ndithu tsoka lina Delhi zachitika. Mu 1911, anakhala okhala ndi Viceroy la India, ndipo kumeneko ku Calcutta anasamukira ku mabungwe onse yaikulu ya boma la atsamunda a ku Britain. The zaka 36 mzinda zachitika mofulumira, ndipo panali madera ena a zomangamanga European. Makamaka mu 1931 kutsegula kwa chigawo latsopano la New Delhi, kwathunthu cholinga ndi Britain. Mu 1947, iye analengeza likulu la palokha Republic of India ndi kukhala choncho lero.

Mughal Ufumu umayambira zoyambirira za m'ma 16 m'chaka cha 1858 ndipo unachita kwambiri tsogolo la anthu a India.