Great ofufuza ndipo apeza

Nthawi za apainiya a m'mayiko ena ku Ulaya anakhala mapeto a chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi khumi mphambu zisanu ndi chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri atumwi. Anthu ambiri moti ndi wosakhazikika m'magulu mayiko atatu: Portugal, Spain ndi Russia.

Zinthu zofunika kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma

Mu Mipingo mochedwa m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu, ndi panyanja lalikulu la Portugal kale anafufuza ndi kumadzulo, ndi kugombe la kum'mwera kwa Africa kutali, mu 1492, Hristofor Kolumb anapita Bahamas, wamng'ono Holandesas napeza America, ndipo mu 1497 anakhalanso zofunika chirengedwe atulukira: Vasco da Gama Ndinapeza njira nyanja ku India, skirting Africa. Ndipo mu 1498, Columbus, Vespucci ndi Omeha anali apainiya la America South yomwe anaphunzira kwa zaka zisanu, komanso America Central.

Russian oyendetsa kwambiri kufufuza makamaka Arctic Ocean. Iwo anapita waukulu kumpoto Asia onse, anatsegula pa Yamal Peninsula ndi Taimyr, Chukotka Peninsula, anatsimikizira kuti America si kupitiriza Asia, akubwera kuchokera kozizira kwa Pacific Ocean mwa Bering Strait. ulendo uno anali wotsogozedwa ndi lalikulu Russian wofufuza S. Dezhnev ndi F. Popov. Popeza cha 1735 Khariton ndi wotchedwa Dmitry Laptev Nyanja anapita ku Siberia, mmodzi amene anadzatchedwa dzina lawo. Mayina a panyanja wamkulu ali bwinobwino pano pa mapu, iwo analemba.

Wa ku Netherlands W. Barents anayenda Novaya Zemlya ndi Spitsbergen. England G. Hudson ndi anzake anapeza Greenland, Baffin Island, Labrador Peninsula, Hudson Bay. S. Shampilen France anatsegula Appalachians kumpoto ndi zisanu North America Great Lakes. Msipanishi L. Torres anapita New Guinea. Dutch Yanszon B. ndi A. Tasman Anakaligawa Australia, Tasmania ndi New Zealand chilumba.

Chinachake Columbus

Munthu chachinsinsi anachoka obadwa Hristofor Kolumb. Photo mwachibadwa silinatulukiridwe panobe. Koma panali zithunzi. Pa iwo munikwanisa kuona mamuna ndikuoneka anzeru ndi looneka sangamuthandize TSONGAZACHE iliyonse. Zonse umunthu ndi wathunthu chipwirikiti tsoka Hristofora Kolumba ndi osokoneza, yosokoneza, n'zotheka kulemba buku-epic, ndipo ngakhale palibe kuwaganizira vicissitudes onse a moyo wake.

Malinga ndi limodzi la mabaibulo ambiri, adabadwa pa chilumba cha Corsica mu 1451. Pa nkhani imeneyi mpaka tsopano asayansi mkangano woopsa mizinda isanu lomaliza Italy ndi Spain kulumbira kuti izi ndi pamene malo Columbus.

moyo wake wonse - nthano. Chinthu chimodzi ndi bwino - mbakakhala Lisbon, ndi pamaso kuti kwambiri anapita pa zombo Mediterranean. Kuyambira pamenepo, kuchokera Portugal, ndipo anayamba maulendo chofunika kwambiri Columbus, amene sanabadwe anapanga oyendetsa lalikulu mu dziko.

Cuba ndi chilumba ena

Mu 1492, iye anaika phazi pachilumba cha Cuba. Pali Columbus wapeza mmodzi wa anthu ambiri otukuka a Latin America, kuti amange nyumba yaikulu, vayavshy chifanizo chokongola, kukula ndi thonje bwino ndi Europe mbatata sakudziwika kwathunthu ndi fodya, kenako anagonjetsa dziko lonse. Padakali pachilumbachi kubadwa Hristofora Kolumba - holide dziko.

A mpainiya otentha gulu la Atlantic, woyamba aloŵa m'kati Caribbean, America South ndipo anapeza Korinto wa Central, amene chinaperekedwa pa mapu Bahamas zilumba, Wamng'ono ndi Wamkulu Holandesas, kuzilumba za Caribbean, chisumbu cha Trinidad, - ndi Hristofor Kolumb. Photo chimasonyeza munthu wokongola, mwakachetechete mukuyang'ana kwa chithunzi, popanda kufufuza pang'ono chipwirikiti pa nkhope.

Tiyeni ku Ulaya kuti mu North America pamaso Columbus msewu anali protoron Scandinavia ku Iceland kuyambira m'zaka khumi. Mu Middle Ages nyanja kuoloka nyanja ndi nthawi chakhumi - amazipanga zovuta ndi zoopsa. Ndipo Mulimonsemo, m'dziko kwambiri mu maiko awiri American, kale Columbus sanali kupeza aliyense.

Atumiki a bwalo - mu panyanja wamkulu

Ferdinand Magellan anabadwa mu 1480 kumpoto Portugal, ndi zaka khumi ndi amasiye. Pofunafuna chakudya anakhala kunyumba yachifumu - mtumiki. Ndi m'nyanja adatuluka kwa nthawi yoyamba mu dvadvat zisanu, ngakhale nyanja kuchilemekeza kuyambira ali mwana. Magellan sanali kulota chabe za panyanja kwambiri ndipo apeza. Iye anakwanitsa kufika gulu F. de Almeida, amene poyamba anasamukira zombo wake pansi mbendera ya Spain ku East.

Magellan anali wokhoza kwambiri mwana, mwamsanga katswiri seamanship pantchito zonse. Anachoka mu India, nakhala mu Mozambique, potsiriza iye anakhala woyendetsa. Kodi kubwerera kwawo.

Kwa zaka zisanu analimbikitsa wolamulira Chipwitikizi mu ubwino onse a Maulendo Eastern, koma sanapite bwino, ndipo mu 1517 Magellan anayamba utumiki wa Mfumu Charles, woyamba ndi zina kuposa Spanish, koma m'tsogolo - mfumu ya Roma.

ulendo World

Mu 1493 izo anapereka Papa ng'ombe anatsegula m'mayiko ena kum'mawa - Apwitikizi, ndi kumadzulo - Spanish. Magellan anatsogolera ulendo kumadzulo kubweretsa umboni kuti chilumba, pamene pali zonunkhira, a Spain.

Ndipo ndi ulendo kuti ali wamng'ono ndipo mercantile cholinga, kunapezeka poyamba ulendo dziko dziko. Iwo anapitiriza utsalira ndi panyanja kwambiri ndipo apeza mayina Magellan maloto ana. ulendo sanatenge kenanso, m'pamenenso kuti dziko lapansi n'lozungulira, ife ankaganiza pa nthawi, osati apaulendo zonse.

Magellan chiyani sakwanitsa kupereka kwa dziko chitsimikizo cha maganizo awo, iye anaphedwa pa ulendo uwu - mu Philippines. Komabe, iye anali akufa motsimikiza zabwino. Mabwinja a timu anabwerera ku Spain kokha mu 1522.

Cossack ataman

Semon Ivanovich Dezhnov - Arctic Woyendetsa Chombo, Cossack Ataman, wofufuza ndipo anatulukira zinthu zambiri enieni anabadwa mu banja Pomeranian, Pinega, mu 1605. utumiki Cossack anayamba ngati pawekha Tobolsk, ndiyeno iye anali kunditumiza ku Yeniseisk, ndipo ngakhale patapita - mu Yakutia. Kulikonse kumene katswiri m'dziko latsopano, mtsinje, mpaka anawoloka East Siberia Nyanja pakamwa pa amamwa Coche Indigirka kuti Alazeya. Kumeneko ndi anzake m'mabwalo awiri zinawonongeka anasamukira ku East.

Mu Kolyma Delta akwira pa mtsinje ndipo anakhazikitsa tauni Srednekolymsk. Patapita zaka zingapo maulendowa anapitiriza kum'mawa - kwa Bering Strait, limene mpaka pano za makumi asanu ndi atatu si Bering: Dezhnev anapita khwalala choyamba. Kwambiri kum'mawa kufika kumtunda - Cape, dzina lake pambuyo anatulukira Dezhnev. Komanso, chilumba, Bay, chilumba ndi mudzi ali ndi dzina lake. Pakati pa mzinda wa Veliky Ustyug m'dera Vologda ndi chipilala kwa iye. Odalirika anali munthu. Woonamtima ndi olimbikira. Hardy. Amphamvu. Anathetsa. Mabala khumi - atatu lolemera. Koma nthawi zonse ndipo kulikonse kumene iye anafuna mtendere.

South Chile

Pofika m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri ndi maphunziro chachikulu cha dziko Lapansi Ulaya anaona. Komabe, minda unexplored zinali zoopsa. Kukazonda kunja dera la zosiririka kwambiri atsamunda mwachinyengo. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale sanapezeke momwe wamba Dutch Selyanin Abel Tasman anakhala yapamadzi, koma maulendo ake anabweretsa dziko anapeza kwambiri.

Aristotle pamaso yathu ino ankakhulupirira kuti kuli osadziwika dziko kum'mwera. "Yadothi Australis Incognita" ( "yadothi Australis"), - iye anafotokoza mu zolemba zake. Apa dziko ndipo ine ndinapita kuyang'ana ndi wofufuza Tasman pa boti ngalawa "Zehaan". Mu M'madera a zitunda kum'mwera kwa chikhalidwe m'chipululumo. An mphepo achisanu ndi dzuwa pafupifupi konse. Kum'mwera cha kumadzulo amatumiza mphepo yamkuntho lamkunkhuniza. mafunde zimenezi sizichitika pafupi Chile, ndiye South dziko kwinakwake kuposa apa. Ndipo Tasman, kusinkhasinkha, anasintha kale anaika. Patsogolo anali wosadziwika wathunthu.

mwanzeru

Pambuyo Inde ndi kusintha chikhalidwe cha chifundo oyendetsa - anasiya mitambo, ndipo dzuwa mwamsanga analimbikitsa sitimayo. Posachedwapa anaonekera ndi dziko lapansi. Izo zinachitika kuti Tasman anafika pa chisumbu, umene dzina lake, ndi bwino kum'mwera kwa Chile. Australia yokha iye anangonena anaphonya. Tasmania wakhala kafukufuku, kujambula mapu. Ndiye mzinda adzauka pano. Ndipo nthawi imeneyi kuchita panali china chirichonse - nyengo zosasangalatsa, wachisoni ovuta, chikhalidwe zakutchire, anthu a boma sangathe kupereka chilichonse.

Tasman linaposa. Iye amazipanga mwayi pa kutsegula kwa zilumba. Wotsatira unali New Zealand. Komabe, Chimaori m'deralo anatilandira Tasman, komanso apaulendo zonse zam'tsogolo, oipa. M'malo mwake, mwinanso ankhanza. Pamene akuyesera kafukufuku latsopano dziko mamembala angapo adalira anaphedwa. Choncho, Tasman anasiya ntchito ana, ndi "Zehaan" anasamuka kwawo. Iye sanapeze yochepa njira Chile. Koma kutsimikizira kuti Australia alipo.