Anatulukira kumene pepala. History ndi Mfundo

Pachiyambi panali amtunduwu

Chimene timatcha pepala, popanda zomwe masiku ofesi moyo Sindingachite, si nthawi zonse mtundu pepala A4. Choncho, funso limene anapanga pepala, simungathe kupereka yankho lolozeka. Zaka zikwi zinayi zapitazo Aigupto wakale ntchito amtunduwu kulemba. Ndi zimayambira mosamala kuchotsa pamwamba wosanjikiza a khungu. Previous wopyapyala superimposed pa wina ndi mzake ndipo anali opanikizika lolemera. The angongole ndi zouma mapepala a gumbwa natumikira mapepala olembera makalata.

Mu Russia akale ntchito kulemba ndi M'kati mwa birch khungwa. Anapeza zinthu zakale birchbark makalata ali 11-15 zaka. Ngakhale mbiri ya wolemba Arab Ibn al-Nedim limanena kuti "dziko la Rousseau kuti makalata chosema pa chidutswa woyera wa mtengo." Post kunayamba chaka 987. Ena magwero wowerengeka amasonyeza kuti anagwiritsa ntchito makalata Birch-makungwa a North America Amwenye.

pepala kwawo

dziko A kumene pepala kupangidwa, chimene ife ntchito lero, anapereka dziko zadothi, kampasi, onga, makombola. Izi, kumene, pa China. Ndipo ngati mayina a oyambitsa "precursors" pepala - amtunduwu mipukutu ndi miyala - sitikudziwa, dzina la munthu amene anapanga pepala, bwino kudziwika. Iwo Tsai Lun, amene anali nduna pa bwalo. chochitika izi zinachitika mu 105 AD, mu ulamuliro wa a Han.

m'dziko limene anapanga pepala, osati anabzala mbewu birch. Apa kukula mabulosi, nsungwi mpunga. Moredekai Lun rastolok makungwa fibrous wa mtengo mabulosi. The osakaniza chifukwa anali wothira madzi, hemp ndi phulusa, kenako anaika pa chimango nsungwi mipiringidzo. Ine ankawachotsera wosanjikiza chifukwa ntchito mwala ndi zouma padzuwa. Umu ndi momwe kuti pepala loyamba pepala. M'kupita kwa nthawi, kupanga luso bwino. osakaniza kupangidwa ndi Moredekai Lun, anayamba kuwonjezera wowuma, silika ulusi, colorants, amene kwambiri patsogolo khalidwe la pepala pepala.

chinsinsi onse zimaonekeratu

Anthu a kum'mawa kwa dziko limene anapanga pepala, anasunga mosamalitsa zinsinsi za ulimi wake. Komabe, zaka zambiri zapitazo, amalonda Chinese anayenda ndi akatundu awo padziko lonse. Amalonda, kufika mu mzinda watsopano, kulankhulana, kugawana uthenga. Kubwerera kudziko lakwawo, iwo anabweretsa uthenga kuchokera pamwamba pa nyanja. Zinali ngati kulankhulana lonse. Ndipo mwanjira ina mumzinda wa Samarkand, amalonda Arab kupeza zinsinsi za kupanga pepala, ndi kuphunzira n'kupita naye ku Spain. Paper apa anayamba kuchita mu 1150. Posachedwa pepala kupanga luso wakhala kudziwika m'mayiko onse European.

The Russian pepala makampani anaonekera yekha mu theka lachiwiri la zana la 16. Magwero amanena kuti mu Moscow m'zaka za m'ma 16, panali 10 pepala mphero, 50 makampani, pomwe anapangapo pamanja pepala ndi makatoni.

Tsopano aliyense schoolchild amadziwa, kumene pakubwera tiyi, timitengo, kumene pepala kupangidwa, ambiri, zinthu zimene ali m'gulu la moyo wathu watsiku ndi tsiku.

Komabe, kupatula amadziwika zoti kumene makina oyamba yotulutsa pepala mu njira imene ife ntchito tsopano. Ndipo chochitika izi zinachitika mu France mu 1798. Ndipo mu 1807 Championship ku England okhala Kutulukira makina kupanga masikono pepala. Posachedwa akuyamba ubiquity wa zotsimikizira pepala ma CD. Koma kuti ndi nkhani ina.