Chiphunzitso cha Allen Dulles, wotsogolera CIA (1945)

Mu June 2015, atolankhani Russian inafalikira uthenga wakuti zochita za Municipal Court la mzinda wa Sverdlovsk Region asibesitosi lemba la bukuli, linkadziwika kuti "chiphunzitso cha Allen Dulles" anapezeka zinthu monyanyira. Choncho, kuletsa ntchito yake anali ntchito kuti aliyense. chikalata ichi, wobisa zinthu zoopsa chitukuko Kodi ndi ndani amene ali Bambo Dulles, akumenya chilengedwe chake? Yesetsani kumvetsa.

Bestseller, analengedwa ndi wandale wamng'ono

Allen Dulles, amene yonena wakhala alipo kugulu pokhapokha akamaliza ntchito yawo, mutu wa mmodzi wa anthu otchuka kwambiri m'dziko nzeru, wotchedwa CIA, anachokera ku banja kwa zaka wotanganidwa malo apamwamba mu utumiki zamtendere American.

Iye anabadwa April 7, 1893 ku Watertown, New York. A mwatsatanetsatane chidwi, koma mu zaka eyiti, pambuyo kumvetsera ndale kutsutsana akulu, Allen ananena pa mfundo pepala lomwe maganizo, ndi umboni wake, lofalitsidwa mu mawonekedwe kabukuko, anakhala bestseller. Mu nawo, ambiri motsimikiza anatenga mbali ya anthu amene anamva "kukwiya".

Scout mu matchalitchi amene amati ndi lodziwa

Titamaliza mu 1914 Prinstaunsky University Dulles anayenda kwambiri, kuyendera India, China ndi Far East. Back mu US, ndi kuti si popanda chitetezo cha banja anayamba utumiki zamtendere ndipo ndinakhala zaka izi, audindo zosiyanasiyana Vienna, Berlin ndi Constantinople. Monga nthumwi ya United States Allen nawo zokambirana okhudzana mapeto a First World nkhondo. Komabe, anavomereza kuti iye anali kuchita zinthu nzeru osati zamtendere.

Mu kufanana ndi Civil Service Allen Dulles maphunziro George Washington University kwa nthawi anali membala wa maloya, koma zikuoneka chisoni okakhala kwa ntchito, posakhalitsa adamsiya. Kupitiriza ntchito yake yaikulu, pa mmasate, iye nawo angapo a misonkhano yaikulu padziko lonse.

Mutu wa nzeru US

Pa chiyambi cha nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, Dulles amatamanda ndodo ya kumene analenga Office a Strategic Services, ndipo m'zaka ziwiri watumikira monga mkulu wa pakati nzeru zake mu Bern. Koma kwenikweni unasinthiratu ntchito yake anali kukhazikitsidwa pambuyo nkhondoyo, US ku Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Kumvetsela mwachindunji Pulezidenti ndi anafuna kukhazikitsa atangochimwa ntchito zake, ndi kuchita ntchito covert. Zinali ndiye, malinga ndi ofufuza ambiri, wowopsa "chiphunzitso cha Allen Dulles" pathupi. Mu 1945, kotero izo zinali tsiku la kubadwa kwake.

zaka eyiti anakhala pa mutu wa nzeru US, anali pachimake pa ntchito yake, zomwe ankafunika mu 1961 pambuyo Pofuna analephera angalowe American ankhondo mu Cuba. Ngakhale kuti, malinga ndi akatswiri, vuto lalikulu kugona kulephera ntchito mwachindunji kwa pulezidenti, Dulles anachotsedwa.

Author yopanda chikalata

Pambuyo zina zaka zisanu ndi zitatu atachoka ntchito m'boma, poyamba mutu wa CIA anali wolemba mabuku angapo pa mfundo yachilendo, komanso nawo TV ndi pawailesi ambiri. Amaona kuti ndi iwo anaomba wowopsa chiphunzitso asilikali a Allen Dulles. Komabe, akatswiri amanena, chotero Chikalata nako_kusaina kwake kulibe.

Kuwerenga zambiri za chiphunzitso zimachitika kwa iye, zokhudzana ndi kuthekera nkhondo ndi Soviet Union, zikuonekeratu kuti memorandum yokonzekeratu mu August 1948, Bungwe National Security US. Kuti nthawi zambiri amatchedwa chiphunzitso cha Allen Dulles - wotsogolera CIA.

1945, imene inatha World nkhondo II, wakhala Ndipotu, ndi kudziwa imayambitsa nkhani ya United States ndi Union a Soviet asapita m'tsogolo. Inali nthawi imeneyi ogwirizana dzulo anali kutenga zochita kiyi m'munda wa mfundo yachilendo. Pa nkhani imeneyi, mu umodzi wa misonkhano ya Congress ndipo anapanga lipoti zimachitika Allen Dulles, ngakhale Ofufuza, amene analibe ubale mwina iyeyo kapena gulu lake.

Nkhani 20/1 wa Memorandum ndi

Malinga ndi lemba la bukuli, declassified lero ndi linatchedwa Memorandum 20/1, mavuto boma US, anagawidwa m'magulu awiri. Woyamba ndi mndandanda wa njira chofunika mwambo nkhondo ndi Soviet Union ndi kugonjetsa iwo. Kutheka okha si n'komwe. Gulu lachiwiri kuganizira vuto, amene anayenera kusankha kukachitika kuti njira ya zochitika sichichititsa nkhondo asilikali.

Tiyerekezenso popanda asilikali

Izi otchedwa njira mtendere Komabe, amapereka kwa chiwerengero cha miyeso yeniyeni umalimbana kuchepetsa mphamvu asilikali ndi chikoka mayiko wa Moscow. Poganizira Soviet Union monga kuukira atolankhani padziko lonse, memorandum limafotokoza mmene zimakhudza boma lake kusintha mu chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe ndondomeko lonse.

Ife Onani kuti zochita zawo m'bwalo lonse, monga gulu la chiwonongeko kwa Nduna Mossadegh la Iran (1953), Pulezidenti Arbenz wa Guatemala (1954), komanso gulu la atsogoleri ena zovutitsa andale kunja anamva woyenera kwambiri magawo. Ngakhale analephera nkhondo ya Cuba chiyani sukuwachititsa chisoni.

Mphamvu zochitira

Koma zikuchitika asilikali chiwembu, ndi Memorandum 20/1, nthawi zambiri ankayimiridwa ngati "Dulles chiphunzitso" sinafike kutenga dziko lonse, chifukwa cha kukula m'modzi mwa madera ake. Komanso, pali chosatheka ndi imposition moumiriza mwa anthu ake demokalase mu mawonekedwe yomwe alandirika ku West.

chifukwa akusonyeza pakalibe zofunika miyambo zakale. Tikumbukenso kuti akatswiri kunja kuti suona chinthu chachikulu - ndikosatheka mtheradi kuti asanene kalikonse mwa mphamvu mu malingaliro a anthu athu. Kutembenuza mbiri ya Russia, iwo akanakhoza izi zosavuta.

yabodza mbiri

Tsopano ankafotokoza chikalata wakuti "Chiphunzitso cha Allen Dulles," lemba la limene, mogwirizana ndi chigamulo cha Asbest City Court moyenerera yofotokozedwapo kuti chiwerengero cha zipangizo monyanyira. Ngakhale kuti olemba ntchito, amene anaonekera pa Cold nkhondo ndi umalimbana wobisika makhalidwe oipa anthu m'dziko lathu ali nalo mutu wakale wa dziko la CIA, akatswiri amakono zimenezi zimachititsa ena kukayikira.

Choyamba, English lemba la bukuli, osachepera mu Baibulo chimene ankadziwika, konse yokhala sanali ankaimira, ndi anthu onse lodalirika ake amanena okha kumasulira Russian. Kachiwiri, kuphunzira zambiri Chiphunzitso Dulles akupanga munthu n'zosadabwitsa akufanana mizere odziwika bwino ntchito zonse AS Ivanov, "Wamuyaya Kuitana", mu Baibulo lomwe linasindikizidwa mu 1981.

Plagiarism linapereka maganizo andale

Makamaka, akatswiri ambiri anachita Kufanana kuti muli chiphunzitso positi-nkhondo ya Allen Dulles, ndi lemba akachita Anatoliem Ivanovym m'kamwa mwa khalidwe zoipa buku lake "Wamuyaya Kuitana" - zakale White Alonda anali mu utumiki wa ku Germany. Nthawi zonse, pali mafoni kugonjera Union anthu ndi kuvunda yake ya makhalidwe abwino, ndi fanizo la malemba imasonyeza zamalankhulidwe wawo wonse abwino.

Komanso chiphunzitso cha Allen Dulles - wotsogolera CIA, mochititsa analankhula ndemanga ya ngwazi za buku FM Dostoyevsky ndi "ziwanda" - Petra Verhovenskogo. Kuona, suffices kuti kutsegula mankhwala, kuganizira mawu ake kukhazikitsidwa kwa mphamvu pa anthu, ndi ena onga iye tati titsegule kukhala "ankhanza, mukhale chopondapo odzikonda".

Njira kukwaniritsa cholinga ngati Verhovensky amaona imposition wa misa waukulu kuledzera, chinyengo ndi chidzudzulo. Chinthu chachikulu - ndi m'malo malangizo woona makhalidwe kungoganiza ndi zochita umalimbana kulekana kwa anthu mizu kwawo wauzimu.

Ndipo potsiriza, zolinga zimenezi zikuoneka mu buku George Dold-Mikhailik "Pa Black Knights", amene anaonekera pa maalumali wa Mabukunso m'dziko lathu mu 1965. Mmenemo mmodzi wa anthu a, ndipo atakhala mu njira yopita makhalidwe oipa a anthu, kuwonjezera pa njila zina, tikunena m'malo chipembedzo choona, chimakhala ndi anthu a nkhani za mu magulu wankhanza. Komanso, pakalibe ngati analimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa awo mwamsanga.

Kufunafuna ndi Author fakes

Zonsezi, kunena, "ndondomeko kanthu", amakhala osiyana, monga "Dulles chiphunzitso" pansi kulingalira. Palibe kukaika kuti mawu ake ndi zoona, plagiarism, buku la exposures munthu anatengedwa ndi wolemba (kapena olemba) wa Chirasha mabuku osiyanasiyana. Mu nkhani imeneyi, analembedwa ndi American nthumwi ndi nzeru wothandizila amakhala ngakhale zokayikitsa.

Nanga ndiye chiyambitso cha essays kugonana amatchedwa "Dulles chiphunzitso"? Funso limeneli sizingatheke kupeza yankho lolozeka. Koma izi ndi zolinga akuthamangitsidwa wolemba, n'zoonekeratu kwambiri ngati ife tiyang'ana pa chiyambi cha nineties, mu imeneyi chikalatacho anthu ambiri atsopano.

atasemphana kuchepa chifukwa kukonzanso

Atatsala pang'ono kuti, mu Mipingo mochedwa, izo anamaliza otchedwa Cold nkhondo - nthawi ya nkhondoyo ndale pakati pa kum'mawa ndi maiko azungu msasa, amene anali lotsogoledwa ndi United States. Kuchokera kale wathuwu Iron Katani, ndi mgwirizano pakati pa mbali ziwiri linaonekera osati kutentha, komanso zochita akuoneka mgwirizano wa adani a dzulo.

Mwatsoka, zochitika zasonyeza kuti ngakhale mu nthawi ya kusagwirizana kusintha kumaliseche kuti anatsagana pasukuluyi zabwino kuti zigwirizane osati onse. Posachedwapa, m'misasa onse anasonyeza adani ake zoonekera ndi covert ntchito nkhondo pogwiritsa zonse zilipo iwo.

transatlantic yabodza

N'zotheka kuti anthu amene cholinga kutembenukira maganizo a anthu ndi anthu a m'mayiko CIS, boma la United States, wakhala wasenza ndi kuika mu mtundu wa magalimoto yabodza, naperekanso ngati "chiphunzitso cha Allen Dulles" (CIA Director). Ngakhale kuti mawu ake ndi mndandanda wa ochokera ntchito Chirasha zolembalemba, amene boma US sizikanakhala chizindikiro, n'zotheka kuti wolemba akadali kuti anafuna kunja.

mfundo monga "Chiphunzitso cha Allen Dulles 'CIA ndi maganizo woukira - yoyenera kwambiri ya" nkhani chodabwitsa "maganizo a anthu kwa zaka zambiri anali mchikakamizo cha mabodza Soviet, woimira dziko Western ndi mdani angathe. Against izi maganizo stereotype tikhoza kusewera otsutsa kunja kwa njira zabwino zimene zinachitika mu nineties oyambirira.

The mawerengedwe sichinatheke mmene ankayembekezera ndiAmene wa fakes, ndipo Allen Dulles sanakhale chizindikiro cha kuopsa kumakhalapo chifukwa dziko Western. Masiku ano, normalization ubale pakati pa United States ndi Russia ikaimirabe munda lonse la Ntchitoyi oimira a m'mayiko awiriwa, koma zifukwa ndi a mtundu wina.