Viking Age: mwachidule za zazikulu

Middle Ages limatchula nthawi ya Viking VIII-XI CC. Pamene nyanja European scoured achifwamba molimba kubwera ku Scandinavia. anawazunza awo mantha mu okhala wotukuka wa World Old. The Scandinavia akuba komanso amalonda ndi ofufuza. Ndi chipembedzo anali achikunja.

Maonekedwe a Viking

M'zaka za m'ma VIII, anthu a m'dera la makono Norway, Sweden ndi Denmark anayamba kumanga kwambiri mkulu-liwiro pa nthawi zombo nawatuma iwo pa ulendo wautali. Pa Zopatsa izi anakankhira ankhanza chikhalidwe cha dziko mbadwa. Agriculture ku Scandinavia anali underdeveloped chifukwa cha nyengo yozizira. Zokolola wodzichepetsa sanalole am'deralo zambiri mabanja awo chakudya. Chifukwa olemera kwambiri mu wakubayu Scandinavia, amene anawapatsa mwayi osati kugula chakudya, komanso malonda ndi anansi

Woyamba kuukira oyendetsa pa maiko oyandikana zinachitika mu chaka 789. Ndiye Tinfunika kuthandiza Dorset cha kum'mwera kwa England, anapha ndi achifwamba mzinda wa PETN. Anayamba nthawi ya Scandinavia. Vuto lina limene limayambitsa misa kuberana kwazaluso wakhala patsogolo kachitidwe kakale zochokera anthu ndi mtundu. Kudziwa, kukhala wamphamvu ake anayamba kulenga zinachitika loyamba limati m'gawo la Denmark. Pakuti yarlov ngati akuba akhala gwero la chuma ndi chikoka pakati muno wake.

amalinyero aluso

A chachikulu kugonjetsa ndi kupezedwa Hrs, ndi Scandinavia anayamba msupa zawo, zomwe zinali bwino kuposa European ina. Zombo Zankhondo ku Scandinavia otchedwa Drakkar. Panyanja zambiri kuwagwiritsa ntchito kwawo. sitima zoterozo zinali m'manja. Iwo akhoza kukhala mosavuta kusuntha anakokera kumtunda. Poyamba, zombo anali kupalasa, kenako anapeza matanga.

Drakkar ankasiyana kaso mawonekedwe enieni liwiro, kudalirika ndi omasuka. Iwo apangidwa makamaka kuti mitsinje osaya. Mwa kupeza iwo, Scandinavia akhoza kupita mwakuya mu anawononga dziko. maulendo amenewo anakhala anadabwa kwambiri ndi azungu. Monga ulamuliro, Drakkar zinamangidwa wa phulusa nkhuni. Iwo ali ndi chizindikiro chofunika, amene anasiya oyambirira m'mbiri akale. Nthawi ya Scandinavia - izo si nthawi kugonjetsa, komanso kakulidwe ka nthawi malonda. Chifukwa chaichi, ndi Scandinavians ntchito zombo wapadera wamalonda - Knorr. Iwo anali onse ndi mwakuya Drakkar. Ngalawa zoterezi akhoza yodzaza katundu.

nyengo Viking kumpoto kwa Ulaya zinali zodzaza ndi chitukuko cha navigation. Scandinavians akhala aliyense zipangizo wapadera (mwachitsanzo kampasi), koma bwino ankachitira nsonga Nature. Izi amalinyero odziwa bwino zizolowezi za mbalame ndi anawatenga naye pa ulendo ndi kuona ngati pali dziko lotsatira (ngati icho sichinali, mbalame kubwerera ku m'chombo). Akatswiri komanso anadalira dzuwa, nyenyezi ndi mwezi.

Anawazunza Britain

Zankhanza loyamba la Scandinavians kwa England anali sakhalitsa. Anatayira mchitidwe umenewu chitetezo mwamsanga anabwerera ku nyanja. Koma m'kupita kwa Scandinavia anayamba kugona amati m'dziko la Anglo-Saxon. Mu Britain, pamene panalibe ufumu umodzi. Chilumba lidagawikana M'gulu la Anthu Olamulira angapo. Mu 865 ndi lodziwika bwino Chidanishi mfumu Ragnar Lodbrok anapita Northumbria, koma chombo wake inavutika ndi kuonongeka ndi linathyoka. Mwalowa atazunguliridwa ndi analandidwa. Mfumu Nortumbrii Ella II anaphedwa Ragnar analamula kuti mponyeni m'chitsime zonse za njoka.

Lodbrok imfa si salangidwa. Patapita zaka ziwiri anakapezeka Great achikunja Army pa gombe la England. asilikali Zimenezi zinachititsa ana ambiri a Ragnar. The Scandinavia anagonjetsa East Anglia, Northumbria ndi Mercia. Olamulira maufumu onsewa anaphedwa. The linga lotsiriza la Anglo-Saxon anali South Wessex. Mfumu yake Alfred Veliky, pozindikira kuti magulu ake si zokwanira kulimbana ndi ankhondowo, anachita nawo pangano mtendere, kenako m'chaka 886, ndipo onse anavomereza umwini awo Britain.

Kugonjetsedwa England

Alfred ndi mwana wake Edward Wamkulu anatenga zaka makumi anayi kuchotsa dziko kwa alendo. Mercia ndi East Anglia anamasulidwa chaka 924. Kumidzi kumpoto Northumbria Viking ulamuliro inatenga zaka makumi atatu.

Pambuyo tizigona, ndi Scandinavians anayamba kachiwiri kuoneka kawirikawiri nyanjayi British. Yoweyula lotsatira cha kuwombera inayamba mu 980, ndipo 1013th wa Sven Forkbeard kwathunthu kutenga dziko ndipo anakhala mfumu yake. mwana wake Knud Veliky makumi atatu ulamuliro monarchies atatu: Great Britain, Denmark ndi Norway. Pambuyo pa imfa yake, mzera wa mafumu akale a Wessex anapezanso mphamvu, ndi alendo anachoka ku Britain.

M'zaka za m'ma XI ndi Scandinavians atenga angapo akuyesetsa kugonjetsa chilumba, koma izi zimawakanika. Viking Age Mwachidule, unakhudzadi kwambiri pa chikhalidwe ndi dongosolo la ndale la achingelezi Britain. M'deralo, limene kwa nthawi yaitali anatenga Danes anakhazikitsa danelaw - dongosolo la chilamulo, anatengedwa kuchokera kwa Scandinavians. Dera limeneli anali olekanitsidwa ndi zina zigawo English mu Ages Middle.

Normandy ndi Afulanki

Mu Ulaya, ndi Viking nyengo amatchedwa nthawi ya matenda a Normandy. Pansi pa dzina ili Scandinavia m'nthawi anakumbukira Akatolika. Ngati Scandinavia tidapita kumadzulo makamaka kuti tikafunkhe England, kum'mwera cholinga cha maulendo awo anali Wachifulanki Ufumu. Icho chinakhazikitsidwa mu chaka 800 ndi Charlemagne. Ngakhale pa izo, ndi pansi pa mwana wake Louis wa achipembedzo Anakhalabe boma amphamvu, dziko la kutetezedwa Amitundu.

Komabe, pamene ufumu unagawanika n'kukhala maufumu atatu, ndi iwo, nawonso, anayamba kuvutika kwa ndalama za dongosolo ang'onoang'ono, pamaso pa Scandinavia kutsegula mwayi dizzying. Ena Scandinavians chaka chilichonse lija gombe, pamene ena ntchito mu utumiki wa olamulira Catholic kulipira Akhristu wopatsa kuteteza. Nthawi ina anawazunza awo, Scandinavia ngakhale analanda Paris.

Mu 911, ndi Wachifulanki mfumu Charles Simple anapereka Scandinavia kumpoto kwa France. Dera limeneli anadziwika monga Normandy. Olamulira anabatizidwa. Msampha umenewu anathandiza kwambiri. Zambiri za Scandinavia kusintha pang'onopang'ono kwa moyo wongokhala. Koma miyoyo wolimba kuti analimbikitsa awo. Choncho, 1130 ndi Normandy anagonjetsa kum'mwera Italy ndipo analenga ufumu Sicilian.

Norse Apeza la America

Kupita china kumadzulo, Scandinavia anapeza Ireland. Nthawi zambiri ankachitika anawazunza chilumba nasiya m'dera Acelt chikhalidwe kwambiri amaonekera. Kuposa zaka ziwiri, Scandinavians anali Dublin. Padziko 860, ndi Scandinavia anapeza Iceland ( "ayezi dziko"). Iwo anali anthu oyamba Chilumbachi chipululu. Iceland anali malo otchuka wa kulamulira. Norway anafuna anthu amene anathawira kunja kwa dzikoli chifukwa kawirikawiri nkhondo yapachiweniweni.

Mu 900, a Viking chombo ngozi pa njirayo, anadza ku Greenland. The madera woyamba anali kumeneko kumapeto kwa X atumwi. Kupezeka ouziridwa ena Viking kupitiriza kufunafuna njira kumadzulo. Sikulakwa iwo ankaganiza kuti pambali pa nyanja pali dziko latsopano. Explorer Leif Eriksson anafika kugombe la North America padziko chaka cha 1000 ndipo tidakocheza pa Labrador Peninsula. dziko ananena Vinland. Choncho, Viking nyengo zinali zodzaza ndi atulukira America zaka zisanu pamaso Hristofora Kolumba ulendo.

Mphekesera zokhudza dziko lino anali wopereŵera ndi sanasiyidwa kunja Scandinavia. Ku Ulaya, ife samadziwa kumtunda kumadzulo. Kuthetsa wa Scandinavia mu Vinland inatenga zaka zambiri. Mayesero atatu zinalengedwa yolowera dziko, koma izi zimawakanika. Pa alendo pomenyana Amwenye. Liaise ndi ankawalamulira kunali kovuta chifukwa cha kutalika kwa zikuluzikulu. Mu chimaliziro, Scandinavians kumanzere America. Patapita, akatswiri anapeza kuda m'dera Newfoundland, Canada.

Scandinavia ndi Lazaro

Mu theka lachiwiri la VIII atumwi, Scandinavia asilikali anayamba pomenyana m'mayiko anthu ambiri Finno-Ugric anthu. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi zokumbidwa pansi anapeza mu Russia Staraya Ladoga. Ngati Ulaya Scandinavia wotchedwa Normandy, ndi Asilavo wotchedwa Scandinavia awo. Scandinavians umayang'anira madoko angapo malonda pa Nyanja Baltic ku Prussia. Apa amayamba yopindulitsa Amber Road limene Amber anali kuwatumiza kwa Mediterranean.

Kodi Lazaro Viking Age? Mwachidule, chifukwa atsopano ku Scandinavia anayambitsa East Asilavo statehood. Malinga ndi Baibulo boma, anthu okhala Novgorod, nthawi zambiri anakumana ndi Scandinavia anatembenukira kwa iwo chifukwa thandizo pa ndewu mkati. Kotero kuti utonge Scandinavia Rurik anaitanidwa. Kwa iye panali mafumu, umene posachedwapa anagwirizana Russia nakhala ulamuliro mu Kiev.

Gen. okhala Scandinavia

Kunyumba Scandinavia ankakhala m'mahema chachikulu wamba. Pansi pa denga la nyumba Izi zikugwirizana banja lathu ndi mibadwo itatu basi. Ana, makolo ndi agogo anakhala pamodzi. ankakonda Echo a dongosolo la fuko. Zinalili mumzinda wa mtengo ndi dothi. Madenga anali peat. Mu chipinda chapakati lalikulu unali likulu wamba, lomwe linali kudya, koma mbakhagona.

Ngakhale pamene nyengo ya Scandinavia, m'mizinda yawo Scandinavia anali yaing'ono mu njira kukula opatsa ngakhale midzi ya Asilavo. Anthu ankaganiza makamaka kuzungulira malo mafakitale ndi malonda. Cities anamanga fjords kwambiri. Ichi chidachitika kuti apeze malo omasuka ku mwambo kuukira kwa mdani zombo kudziwa pasadakhale za kufika kwake.

wamba Scandinavia anavala malaya mapeyala ndi waufupi mathalauza baggy. Viking zovala anali wouma mtima kwambiri chifukwa kusowa kwa zipangizo m'mayiko Masewerera a Nordic. oimira wachuma wa makalasi chapamwamba ndikanatha kuvala zovala wachikuda chimene chimasiyanitsa iwo m'khamulo, kusonyeza chuma ndi ulemu. Akazi zovala Viking kwenikweni m'gulu Chalk - zodzikongoletsera zitsulo, zokometsera zomanga, pakhosi zosonyeza ndi buckles kwa malamba. Ngati mtsikana anakwatiwa, iye tsitsi lakelo pa mulu wosakwatira anatola tsitsi lake riboni.

Zida ndi zida Scandinavia

Mu masiku ano pawailesi zofala chithunzi cha Viking nyanga chisoti pa mutu wake. Ndipotu, zipewa onsewa anali m'chipani ndi salinso ntchito nkhondowo ndi miyambo. Zovala Viking nyengo m'gulu kuvomerezedwa kwa anthu onse kuyatsa zida.

Zinali zida zambiri zosiyanasiyana. Northerners kawirikawiri ntchito mkondo mamita pafupifupi imodzi ndi theka yaitali, amene akhoza kudula pansi ndipo kubaya mdani. Koma anakhalabe lupanga ambiri. chida ichi kunali kuwala kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zinyama zina, anaonekera mu Ages Middle namtsata. Viking lupanga anapangidwa optional ambiri a Scandinavia. Ankhondo zambiri anagula Wachifulanki chida, monga opambana kwambiri khalidwe. Anali Scandinavia ndi mipeni yaitali - Saxon.

Luka okhala Scandinavia zinali za phulusa kapena yew. Monga chingwe kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito tsitsi kuluka. zida melee Common anali nkhwangwa. Scandinavia adalipo yotakata, symmetrically divergent tsamba.

Normandy Recent

Mu theka zoyambirira za m'ma XI anali mapeto a Viking Age. Iye anali chifukwa zifukwa zingapo. Choyamba, mu Scandinavia potsiriza ndisungunuka wakale Amitundu malamulo. Iye anali m'malo ndi tingachipeze powerenga feudalism akale kwa suzerain ndi m'manja. Kale ine ndinakhala theka woyendayendawu moyo. Anthu okhala ku Scandinavia anakakhala kwawo.

Mapeto a Viking Age adadzanso chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa Chikristu pakati northerners. Chikhulupiriro latsopano mosiyana ndi chikunja, anakanitsitsa yokopa wamagazi m'dziko lachilendo. Pang'onopang'ono, ambiri a miyambo ya nsembe wawaiwala, ndi zina zotero. E. The mitanda choyamba kudziwa kuti ndi thandizo la legitimizovalas latsopano chikhulupiriro mu maso a ena kutukuka Community European. Zotsatirazi ndi olamulira ndi anthu apamwamba monga anachitira anthu wamba.

Zinthu zinasintha wa Scandinavia, amene ankafuna yolumikizana miyoyo yawo ndi zochita nkhondo, iwo analowa mercenaries ndipo anali ndi mafumu yachilendo. Mwachitsanzo, mafumu Byzantine ndinali Varangian Alonda. Northerners ankawagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo thupi, kuphweka wa moyo ndipo zosiyanasiyana luso nkhondo. Otsiriza Viking mphamvu m'njira tingachipeze powerenga mawu anali Mfumu ya Norway Harald III kwambiri. Iye anapita ku England ndipo anayesa kupambana kwake, koma anafa Nkhondo ya Stamford Bridge mu 1066. Pomwepo adadza mapeto a Viking Age. William I wa ku Normandy (monga adzikonda mwini mbadwa ya oyendetsa Scandinavia) mu chaka zomwezi anagonjetsa England.