Ndi malamulo a Akhristu unakhazikitsidwa mu maiko anagonjetsa chiyani? Nkhondo za Mtanda ndi mavuto awo

Nkhondo za Mtanda zinalengedwa nzika za kumadzulo kwa Ulaya mu 11-15 TH zaka AD, ndipo cholinga chawo chinali kutembenuza anthu a mitundu yachikunja kuti Chikhristu kapena kumasula tiakachisi wa ku goli la osakhulupirira.

Yambani wa m'gululi Crusader

Mu March 1095 anapitirira Bungwe la Clermont, kenako Papa Urban otchedwa a ku Ulaya kupita ku East. Chifukwa gululi ankaona njala kwa anthu a ku Ulaya ndi kufunika kutenga wachikhristu malo opatulika pakati pa amitundu. Pamenepo anayamba kupanga dongosolo la Akhristu, amene anali kupita ku ulendo kwa Amitundu, ndi kulimbikitsa anthu wamba kuti agwirizane.

Movies zaka 1095-1290 analengedwa kuti analanda Yerusalemu, lomwe linaikidwa Manda Opatulika. Masiku amenewo, Akristu anamenyana ndi Turkey, ndi achikunja mu Baltic States ndi ku Eastern Asilavo, yemwe ankati mtundu wina wa Chikhristu. Papa Urban II anapanga ideologue tchalitchi cha kampeni ndi Turkey, ndi onse amene anavomera nkhondo pa mbali yake, iye analonjeza chiyembekezo chakuti wathunthu wa boma la mangawa awo ndi kupuma mabanja awo amene anatsalira ku Europe. Anthu pansi mbendera yake anali ambiri, choncho nkhondo ya Akhristu mu East zinachitika.

Zotsatira za ndawala yoyamba

Popeza lingaliro la Papa Urban anali nawo mbali Ankhondo ndi olemekezeka ndi anthu wamba, ndipo kenako anapita ku East khamu lalikulu. Chifukwa, Yerusalemu anagonjetsedwa mu 1099 anali woyamba chaka cha Ufumu wa Yerusalemu.

Changu cha ophunzira Kampeni ya ankakolezera komanso nkhani kuti Turkey anagonjetsa Yerusalemu, kuzunzidwa amwendamnjira Mkhristu ndi kupondereza iwo.

Iye anakhala mfumu yoyamba ya Yerusalemu Baldwin, m'bale wake wa mtsogoleri wa Kampeni ya, Godfrey wa Bouillon. Iye anawonjezera kuti m'madera ake Beirut ndi Sidoni. Baldwin mwachuluka udindo Akhristu zimene malamulo okhazikika m'mayiko anagonjetsa. Kotero, apa mu zosiyanasiyana Italy Kukwatiwa amene apatsidwa chilolezo malonda ndi madoko lotseguka. kuti anayang'ana Ankhondo, amene mu ufumu anayamba dongosolo lawo.

Other Crusader limati

Ufumu wa Yerusalemu sanali boma okha amene analenga Akhristu. Mu nthawi iyi zinali zochokera County wa Edessa, Antiokeya ukulu, Tripoli wamba. Panali Order wa Ankhondo a St. John wa Akhristu.

Ukulu wa Antiokeya wotanganidwa gombe Mediterranean, ndipo munali anthu amuna zikwi makumi atatu. Komabe kumeneko ndi Akhristu, amene anabwera kuchokera ku Italy ndi Normandy.

County wa Edessa anaonekera mu 1098, nawonekera pa dziko amene poyamba anali anthu a ku Armenia. chigawocho Izi ndi lalikulu, koma analibe mwayi kwa matupi madzi. Anthu panali 10 000 anthu. The County anali gawo m'manja. The Crusader limati, mapu amene anali ku olamulira Muslim, panali sakhalitsa.

Kotala zoyambirira za m'ma akhumi zinali zodzaza ndi chakuti umwini wa Akhristu kuchuluka. Mu asilikali 1100 wa Khristu, analanda mzinda wa Tripoli ndi Kaisareya, patapita zaka ziwiri analandidwa ekala. Pambuyo kuti analengedwa Tripoli wamba. Mu chaputala ataonedwa Bertrand, werengani wa Toulouse. ndi malamulo a Akhristu unakhazikitsidwa mu maiko anagonjetsa, iwo akhoza adzaweruzidwa ndi mmene midzi yambiri zinatenthedwa, ndipo anthu ambiri a anaphedwa.

Kutha kwa ufumu wa Yerusalemu

The heyday a m'dera izi zinachitika mu ulamuliro Balduina Edesskogo. Iye ankaona munthu, chipembedzo chidwi chikhristu, mkazi wake - Koroleva Melisenda - ndi mwana. mwana wake Baldwin anakhala ulamuliro wachitatu ufumu atamwalira bambo wake. Pa nthawi iyi, Crusader limati mu East adasonkhana ndipo anakhala chamankhwala chodalirika Chikhristu. Chachitatu nakhala wolowa nyumba Baldwin Baldwin chachinayi.

Kuyambira 1185 anayamba kuchepa wa ufumu. Kusintha olamulira angapo. Mu 1189 m'chizimezime mu ufumu uyu amaoneka Salahaddin mfumu ndi ankhondo ake Chisilamu. Iwo amadya kuzinga Yerusalemu, amene Amabisa Akhristu ambiri amathawathawa. Pambuyo pa adani a mzinda wa anthu ake anapulumuka, koma anayenera kulipira dipo. Musati dipo anakhala akapolo. Am'deralo kukumbukira zimene malamulo okhazikika Akhristu m'mayiko anagonjetsa, choncho zambiri apita mu ulamuliro wa Muslim Sultan.

Mu 1229, Korol Fridrih II pa nthawi ya m'mudzi kubwerera ku malo a Akhristu. Koma posakhalitsa Asilamu anamugwira, ndipo mu 1285 Ankhondo otsiriza kuthawira Cyprus, akuchoka ku Yerusalemu Muslim maalumali. A mbali yaikulu pa adani a Yerusalemu ankaimba mtundu wa Mamluk Sultan Baybars. Akhristu nkhondo ndi Asilamu unatenga masiku atatu.

Kampeni Ana

Mmodzi wa masamba ambiri yoopsya ya Nkhondo za Mtanda ndi Kampeni ndi Ana yomwe inayamba mu 1212. Mu umodzi mwa midziyo French anaonekera m'busa Stefan, amene analengeza amati zotheka mothandizidwa ndi ana kumasula Manda Opatulika, ndipo analimbikitsa ana kupita ku Yerusalemu. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, iye anatha kusonkhanitsa kwa otsatira zikwi makumi atatu.

Tsoka wotsatira wa womvetsa awo anapanga: ena anaphedwa ndi masoka osiyanasiyana, ena anagulitsidwa ku ukapolo. Ambiri anafa panjira. Kenako, Papa anawamasula ku lonjezo crusading, kuchedwa kukhazikitsa mpaka kukula kwawo.

Kodi Nkhondo za Mtanda mu Middle East

Mphamvu ya Nkhondo za Mtanda mu mbiri ndi chuma cha m'mayiko osiyanasiyana ndi osokoneza. Pa dzanja limodzi, chifukwa izi padali kuwuka kwa mizinda Italy imene malonda zachitika. Komano, chuma ndi chikhalidwe cha Syria ndi Palesitina anali ikuchepa. Zambiri zinadalira Akhristu zimene malamulo okhazikika m'mayiko anagonjetsa.

Syria ndi Palesitina zowawa chifukwa cha kuukira kwa Akhristu, m'mizinda yambiri zinawonongedwa ndi kutentha. Cities monga Edessa, Asikeloni ndi Qaisar, potsiriza analowa anaiwalika. Mu 1227 iye potsiriza anawononga Tinnis, wachitatu mzinda waukulu wa ndiye Egypt. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chitatu mbali mwa nyanja ya Palestine anali owonongeka dziko, pamene palibe umodzi amadzinenera kuti ikhazikike.

Ambiri malo Chotsimikizika la Syria ndi Palesitina anali muyaya anawonongedwa ndi konse nachiritsidwa, anthu ankayenda ku Egypt.