Baroque Petro. Kaperekedwe Baroque

St. Petersburg, chimodzi cha wamng'ono m'mizinda lalikulu la dziko, ndi kaphatikizidwe wapadera wa zochita zokongoletsa wa masiku amakedzana ndi miyambo Western ndi Russian. Akatswiri amanena kuti kalembedwe wake luso anali anakonzeratu zili nyengo ya chiyambi chake. Ndipotu, mzinda lisanalengedwe m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri, omwe sakanakhoza bwanji maonekedwe ake.

Anamanga yosalephera chifuniro cha munthu wina - Petra Velikogo iye anatenga zosiyanasiyana onse a zomangamanga European. mawonekedwe Ake analengedwa mu mtima wa Russian tsar otsiriza mchikakamizo cha Frantsa Leforta ndi Vinius - Dutch amalonda, amene anali ndi chopereka yaikulu zojambula ndi zipsera. Iwo European ndi, makamaka, mzinda Dutch limene bwino kwambiri anasonyeza zomangamanga kumadzulo kwa zaka za m'ma 17 Buku.

Kaperekedwe Baroque

zomangamanga ichi, chimene mafani a zomangamanga chakale kwa nthawi yaitali zimawoneka ngati wodziimira anaonekera mu Europe kumayambiriro kwa malemu Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Zinali ngati kupitiriza ake ndi chitukuko. Kumlingo, mudzipatsana zomangamanga angatchedwe kubwerera nzeru. makhalidwe Aika zimasonyeza ndi kuchipeza. kukwera kumwamba kwa lingaliro ndi mnyamata amene akuyendera amisiri nyengo, kupanga dongosolo ndi wokongola kwambiri ndi wolemera mfundo luso. Njira ya njira zosiyanasiyana zosangalatsa iwo analenga yomanga moona zabodza.

zambiri

"Baroque Petulo" - liwu ntchito ndi olemba mbiri ya luso kuti kalembedwe kamangidwe, wobvomerezedwayo mwa Peter Wamkulu. Ambiri ntchito kwa kamangidwe ka nyumba mu ndiye likulu - St. Petersburg.

Mu zaka 1697-1698, Peter Wamkulu anapita ku ofesi ya kazembe wa Netherlands, makamaka Amsterdam. mudzi uwu uli makamaka amakonda mfumu ndi okhwima radially chafika misewu, mizere wake concentric mu mitsinje. Amsterdam pamakoma yopapatiza mkulu mapeto analowa gables triangular, nsanja kapena madenga ozungulira. Traditional zomangamanga Dutch cha m'ma 17 amakhala ndi ntchito kukongoletsa wosweka zinthu ngati kuti, ngati mafelemu zenera, cornices, pilasters, volutes makonde. Zimenezi zinathandiza kuti alenge kaso ndi chikondwerero, pamodzi ndi ntchito modzichepetsa ndi chifaniziro cha mzinda.

Petro atanganidwa ndi lingaliro limene Russia nawo kutukuka mayiko a azungu, kutsatira njira European, osati ndale kapena chuma, komanso chitukuko kwakukulukulu chikhalidwe. Ndipo ndicho chifukwa anauzidwa kuti ntchito ku likulu lake latsopano ambiri otchuka mapulani, Osema ndi amisiri.

Petrovsky Maniram

Ngakhale dzina la bwino kuti maonekedwe awo mu dziko lathu, kalembedwe lodabwitsali afunika woyamba Russian mfumu. Baroque Petro chisakanizo cha malo ku Italy dzina chomwecho ndi oyambirira French classicism ndi rococo. Aliyense wamanga, amene anaitanidwa St. Petersburg, anali mwambo wa sukulu wake mapulani. N'chifukwa chake Baroque Peter zikusonyeza si bwino kwambiri zochita za nthawi.

Peter chokhumba chachikulu kutembenukira mzinda wawo mu wokongola kwambiri ndipo n'chifukwa kuti muulamuliro wake anakhala lofunika Baroque mapulani malangizo. Kapangidwe ndi ntchito yomanga nyumba za kalembedwe ichi, chimene amatchedwanso Maniram Petro, mu St. Petersburg kwazaka mazana angapo otsatira tathanthauzira chitukuko zomangamanga.

Features

Woyamba Russian mfumu anafuna kuchoka ku mwambo wa zomangamanga Byzantine. Nthawi ya mapangidwe malangizo imagwera pa m'ma 17. Baroque kalembedwe Petulo osiyana pang'ono zinachitika ake European. Choyamba ndi - rationality, momveka ndi kuphweka.

Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika zimasiyanitsa zomwe ndi Petrine Baroque zomangamanga - awiri kamvekedwe nyumba utoto: ofiira ndi oyera. Mbali ina - kumasulira planar cha kukongola.

The nyumba woyamba anali kwake mu St. Petersburg, komanso nyumba matabwa, ku nyumba yawo inali yofanana ndi kumadzulo theka timbered. Iwo anafuna pulasitala kupenta. Choncho, nyumba zotere, ndipo ngakhale njerwa "ndi zimalowana" akanapereka ndi reliefs otsika kuumbidwa mbali kapena mwakemu ndi pilasters ndi mafelemu chitseko.

Kufotokozera kalembedwe

Baroque Petro amakhala ndi ntchito zinthu za Tuscan tingachipeze powerenga kapena Korinto, ngakhale mu kutanthauzira zilizonse kwambiri ndi zambiri chachikale chinkawavuta. Ambiri anali osavuta Russian "timasamba" m'malo mwa pilasters ndi mizati. Windows lathuli architraves profiled - zambiri woyera pa maziko wofiira, ndi thickening khalidwe, makutu ntchito pamwamba pa mwalawapamutu lapansi. M'mphambano za nyumbayi mu kalembedwe Baroque, ndi zina, ndi pansi choyamba, opangidwa kuchokera rustication.

Izi chikondwerero komanso yokongola tione mapulani wodzilemekeza yaing'ono zambili mapulani monga frameworks, mapini ndi balustrades. Kugwiritsa ntchito ziwalo zonse projecting n'kuwerama woboola pakati kapena theka-zozungulira pediments ankaona kuvomerezedwa. Choncho, zowoneka chipangizo ndi Polemeretsedwa roofline.

Mofanana wamba anali ndi unsembe ziboliboli ndi Miphika. M'mbali mwa mapulani anaika dormer. Kuyambira kumtunda kwa nyumba ambiri anagula chuma kukongoletsa ndi wolemekezeka chipangizo okoma.

Baroque mapulani

Ngakhale lisanakhazikike Peter St. Petersburg ndi akazembe ake ku Ulaya anayamba ganyu alendo: mapulani, mpanda, akatswiri. Mu gawo loyamba la nyumba zonse mu mzinda zimamangidwa pa ntchito ya mapulani omwe anabwera kudzatumikira ku Russia. Ndipo woyamba mwa iwo anali Domenico Trezzini anamanga nyumba wotchuka wa St. Petersburg, akuimira kalembedwe Petrine Baroque. Photo Petro ndi Paulo Cathedral - omveka umboni. belu nsanja ndi okwera lalikulu Petersburg. Faceted gilded spire wa Cathedral wa mipata overcast kumwamba monga kuyenera wodzaza squat mizere Neva embankments.

Analogi tchalitchi pa zomangamanga Western pafupifupi palibe. Iye analankhula yekha ndi spire zopotoka ili pa nyumba Kusinthanitsa mu Copenhagen, chifukwa cha amene muli kalembedwe Baroque. Photos of yotsirizira Komabe, umboni wina wa chakuti St. Petersburg nsanja yosiyaniranapo: onse chifukwa cha kukula kwake ndi mawonekedwe faceted.

Pakati pa mapulani oyamba amene analenga Baroque Petro, ndine, kuwonjezera pa Trezzini, ndi Jean-Baptiste Leblond ndi Schluter, ndi JM. Fontana ndi Michetti ndi Mattarnovi. Onsewo anabwera kwa Russia pa kuyitana kwa Peter. Aliyense wamanga likubweretsa maonekedwe a nyumba zawo pansi mwambo zomangamanga wamba m'dziko, ndizosowa sukulu, amene anali kuimiriridwa. Kuthandiza kugwira ntchito zawo, pang'onopang'ono katswiri miyambo ya European Baroque ndi mapulani m'deralo monga Michael Zemtsov.

Kusiyana kwa Moscow Baroque

Baroque Peter ndi mmene chifukwa St. Petersburg. Kunja nyumba izi ndi laling'ono kwambiri. Makamaka, Menshikov Tower, anamanga ku Moscow ndi Tallinn a Kadriorg Palace.

Mosiyana ndi malangizo Naryshkin mu Moscow, Peter Wamkulu, anapereka kukana zakuthwa mwambo Byzantine, kutsogozedwa Kamangidwe Russian pafupifupi khumi zaka zambirimbiri, dzinali amakhala ndi chosokonekera ndi bwino. Kudzipatula pakati zikuchokera, iridescence ndi kudziletsa mu yokongola, arched ndi amakona anayi zenera mipata, masitepe denga ndi wosweka - awa mbali zonse za kalembedwe Baroque, dzina lake polemekeza mfumu choyamba, anakhala chizindikiro cha nyumba zambiri Peter.

zitsanzo lodziwika

Lero, alendo amene anabwera ku likulu la kumpoto, ndi mwayi amayamikira ntchito ya manja wamanga amene ankagwira ntchito ku nthawi. Petrine Baroque ukufanizidwa pano ndi nyumba ambiri odziwika bwino. Izi Petro ndi Paulo Cathedral, Alexander Nevsky Lavra, House khumi koleji ndi chilimwe nyumba ya Peter Ine, Schluter Komiti, Menshikov Palace, Kunstkamera, amene ankagwira ntchito pa chilengedwe cha anthu angapo: Mattarnovi, Kiaveri ndi Zemtsov. Chirengedwe cha yotsirizira ndi Mpingo wa Simeon ndi Anna.

Pa Vasilevsky Island ndi chitsanzo chinanso cha nyumba mu Baroque - woyamba waukulu yachifumu ku St. Petersburg. Icho chinali okhala Kazembe-General limene ndinkakhala nalo madyerero ndi anapambana Assembly. Monga Chitsanzo ya nyumba wolemera, kusiya wapakamwa waukulu embankment ndi dongosolo la akuyerekezeranso Petrine Baroque.

Khumi koleji nyumba

Nearby ndi chipilala wina anamanga kalembedwe izi mapulani. Izi House khumi koleji. Wazomangamanga Trezzini anali njira pachiyambi kuthetsa vuto lomwe ndi Peter. Nyumba iyi kalembedwe Baroque, umene ndi khumi zofanana nyumba anakonza mu mzere pafupi wina ndi mnzake, kupyolera kulowera wamba motsatizana kwa meters mazana atatu ndi makumi asanu ndi atatu. Chiwalo chilichonse chili ndi denga osiyana. Pankhaniyi, kwenikweni mpweya kugwa kwa gables mobwereza ziyerekezo mu wapakamwa, pilasters ndi architraves mu zimalimbikitsa wapakamwa ofiira ndi oyera amapereka eg view otchuka.

malo zomangamanga

Features wa Baroque Tingaone osati pomangira mu nyengo imeneyo. No zochepa zosangalatsa zachifumu ndi m'mapaki. Mwachitsanzo, wodziwika kwa Chilimwe Garden onse, omwe anali anaika pa chithunzi wapadera wa Petro; Peterhof gulu loyimba, zochokera, malinga ndi zimene akatswiri ndi zidindo za choyamba Russian mfumu ku atapita ku Versailles. Lero iwo ali zipilala chidwi kwambiri a zomangamanga malo.

Chilimwe Garden anali kufuna kupanga mfumu lalikulu paki "chinachake kumangiriza." Iwo anali ndi kasupe kuti ingathandize wa mitu ya nkhani zopeka Aesop, ndipo anaika mu zikutipatsa wapadera anapeza zofukulidwa ku Rome ndi vuto lalikulu anabweretsa Russia fano la Venus - wakale Roma nsangalabwi buku choyambirira cha Agiriki. Garden alendo, popanda yekha, anayenera kumpsompsona nsangalabwi ozizira a chikunja wamkazi. Ziboliboli zina ndi busts akhala anaika pamodzi makwalala, komanso monga "pa Versailles."

chilimwe Palace

Izi nthumwi wowala wa Petrine Baroque ang'ono ndi losavuta kwambiri mwa mawu a Kamangidwe. Ndi bwinobwino mogwirizana ndi ntchito yake - makonzedwe a mwayi holide banja lachifumu.

Anthu ena kuwatcha chipilala izi Peter Wamkulu Baroque kalembedwe chifukwa kukula kwake kakang'ono, "choyamba Russian kanyumba." Monga munthu wamanga ndi mlengi, D.Trezini anatsogolera ntchito yomanga nyumba yachifumu pa zaka lonse anayi. The anatsalira-reliefs kunja yotentha ndi mutu m'nthano. Ulendowu unali Trezzini zopitiriza tidzapambana pa nkhondo kumpoto. Isanafike anzake ndipo anafika mwangwiro anasunga chosema thundu ndipo mtedza utoto zokongoletsera mkati kudenga zojambula.

pomaliza

Ngakhale kuti amaona ndithu ndi dzina lake, Baroque Peter m'njira yake yapadera. Ndi onse sankakhala kuoneka bwino, kalembedwe izi zimabweretsa kwambiri za makhalidwe. Komanso, nyumba za m'nthawi imeneyo mulibe analogues mu dziko, iwo ali apachiyambi. The pamakoma a nyumba, ngakhale osavuta, koma pa nthawi yomweyo kaso ndi nthumwi kwambiri. Iwo alibe bulky ndi katundu zodzikongoletsera, ndi mawu akuti anafika mfundo zochepa.