Ndi biomechanics wa Meyerhold chiyani?

Mwa otsogolera zisudzo kwambiri Vsevoloda Emilevicha Meyerholda lake limaimira penapake padera. Mwina chifukwa anatsimikiza molakwa ndi chopambanitsa yowala umunthu. Kapena boma la Soviet anayesa retouch zolakwa zanu ndipo yesetsani kutchula dzina la munthu wodziwa amene anawomberedwa mu 1940. Koma chitukuko cha bwalo lamasewera, anathandiza lalikulu. Analengedwa ndi Mlengi wamkulu wa dongosolo la maphunziro kwa zisudzo onse analowa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi zisudzo lotchedwa "Biomechanics wa Meyerhold."

kusintha miyambo

Vsevolod Meyerhold anayamba biomechanics - sikwa m'modzi wa kachitidwe chofunika kwambiri anaphunzira wosewera, amene anaonekera m'zaka za m'ma makumi awiri napeza chitukuko mu ntchito za akulowetsani mmalo ambiri ndi ophunzira. Mwa chibadwa zake, biomechanics wa Meyerhold - ndi zovuta ndi chidwi kulenga ndondomeko, amene ayenera kutanthauziridwa mu nkhani zambiri. The ziwiri zamalankhulidwe danga zikuluzikulu za yokonza wosewera ngati pali incarnations angapo. Mmodzi wa iwo ali ndi chidwi ndi yeniyeni makina kugwira ntchito kwa thupi - ndi zomveka ndi zodziwikiratu. Wina chigawo ngati akuyesa kulikankhira chimango zachilengedwe, kwezani mlingo wa chitukuko, kukwaniritsa ganizoli.

Njira chosintha kwambiri kudziwika monga biomechanics wa Meyerhold, ndi kuti ndiAmene ake akhulupirire ntchito ya Wolemba wina ndi wotsogolera yekha siteji kukonzekera. Onse katundu maganizo a sewerolo woti uzichitikira ichitikire mwa magulu ambiri yogwira - ndi wosewera ndi omvera.

Meyerhold (1874-1940): yochepa yonena

N'zosatheka kumvetsa prerequisites njira si bwino moyo wa Mlengi wake. Iye anabadwa mu banja Catholic Russified. Iye anaphunzitsidwa pa Moscow zisudzo ndi nyimbo sukulu (kalasi VI Nemirovich-Danchenko). Iye anagwira ntchito mu Moscow Art Theatre ndipo kenako anakonza zisudzo gulu Kherson.

Kuyambira 1905 anagwira Moscow. Ngati Dayilekita, ndinaitanidwa kuti K. S. Stanislavskim (Theatre situdiyo pa Olemekezeka), ndipo kenako V. F. Komissarzhevskoy (Schauspielhaus). Nthawi imeneyi, Meyerhold ankachitika angapo zisudzo m'njira chisanadze ophiphiritsa - zilembo si otchulidwa anali kuphunzira, ndi chiwembu chinaperekedwa salembedwa.

Kumayambiriro 20 ntchentche anapanga lingaliro wolemba watsopano, umene unadzipereka mwamphamvu amalimbikitsa Meyerhold - biomechanics. Zochita ntchito pa rehearsals, limalola mgwirizano, kothandiza ntchito ya amisiri gulu. njira kunalibe zimachitika pakati pa munthu ndi boma la anthu lonse. Iye anali kuyang'ana kwa thupi longa la collectivism. Anapanga malamulo Constructivism ndi Biomechanics anakana chisonyezo kwa dziko mkati kuonetsa zithunzi. Meyerhold ankakhulupirira kuti zinthu zachilengedwe kumathandiza yokhala ndi mwa iwo m'pofunika kulankhula maganizo kum'patsa ndi dziko lamkati la zilembo. A ophunzitsidwa wosewera-ngolo, lomwe mwini mungoli wangwiro ndi thupi lanu - ndicho chimene anali kukhala wotsogolera kwa kuzindikira maganizo ake. Pa kukhazikitsa malingaliro awo mu wotsogolera kanthu iye ntchito mpaka masiku ake otsiriza.

Mu June 1939, V. E. Meyerhold anagwidwa ndi NKVD pa milandu yabodza. Kumuzunza, iye anavomereza ntchito odana Soviet, koma m'tsogolo akhoza kusiya umboni wake. chiganizo chitaperekedwa February 1, 1940. Anaphedwa tsiku lotsatira. Mu 1955, Meyerhold anali anapulumutsa ndi kumukonzanso (atamwalira).

Chotsatirapo cha zidole

Great chikoka pa ntchito Meyerhold anali ntchito za dramatist German ndi wolemba Heinrich Von Kleist (1777-1811), makamaka nkhani yake pa chidole zisudzo. Olemba kukhulupirira kuti mwayi anthu kulibeko paokha, koma akulamuliridwa ndi mphamvu apamwamba. anthu onse kumvetsa kwake kunali zolengedwa zidole yekha, wamng'ono kwa Mulungu. Kuswa pankhani imeneyi kungachititse kuti amasulidwe munthu ndi kubwerera ku boma la wathunthu mogwirizana achikale. Ngakhale wolemba anavomereza kuti chochitika akhoza kupanga ndi chisokonezo sangaganize. Biomechanics wa Meyerhold amadalira kwambiri maganizo anasonyeza Kleist.

Mkuluyu wakhala anatha kulenga dongosolo la maphunziro, imene wosewera ndi kukwaniritsa ungwiro, kulanga thupi lake. Kukhala mlengi ndi mfundo kukhazikitsa, ulamuliro ndi ankalamulira pulasitiki ake - kuti ndi ntchito imene imakhudza ndi ed Biomechanics wa Meyerhold.

Sikuti muholo

Njira wapadera wa ochita maphunziro wakhala anaiwalika kwa zaka zambiri ndipo sichinayambe kuphunzira ndi akatswiri. Tikhoza kuona ngati ndale chizunzo chinachititsa amene anatsagana wotsogolera namatetule pa mapeto a moyo wake: ndi purges Stalinist, chifukwa cha zimene zinathandiza kuti lithe Meyerhold Theatre, mmangeni iye ndi kuwombera mu February 1940. Ndipotu, lero biomechanics wa Meyerhold sanali kuwafika. Njira wosweka za mbiri boma la zisudzo, pa nthawi, mbisoweka ndi nkhani akatswiri.

Ngakhale declassification wa yachokera, ndi subtleties onse njira pachiyambi anasowa mu 90s lapansi. Ena mfundo zinasungidwa kokha m'mabuku a ophunzira ndi omutsatira kuti pamene mkulu wa moyo anapezeka mbuye kalasi pa biomechanics wa Meyerhold. Iye yekha m'mabuku ake sanadzisiyira malongosoledwe a mfundo ndi zapansi wa dongosolo lawo, ndi ntchito masiku ano njira zochokera kokha kukumbukira maso ake.

mbali chikhalidwe

Mphamvu ya biomechanics pa mapangidwe luso kukula za mwayi wosewera ndi zoopsa. Koma si umatha. N'zotheka kuti dziko lili ndi phindu luso osati. Ngakhale Meyerhold sanamukhumudwitse pamaso pa zifukwa zisudzo, koma ine ndikukhulupirira kuti lingathe ndi biomechanics wokulirapo. Kuti timvetse mfundo imeneyi, m'pofunika tione zimene biomechanics wa Meyerhold, ndi nkhani zakale.

Kachitidwe analengedwa chifukwa cha zatsopano walangizidwa Mitundu miyambo ed: sewero lanthabwala dell'arte ndi zisudzo Japanese Kabuki. Koma nthawi yomweyo njira analengedwa pa nthawi imene Meyerhold imayendetsedwa malingaliro Communist. Iye ankafuna njira za zisudzo luso kusonyeza osati maganizo a dziko ndi chithunzicho. The kalasi kulimbana, zina, chilengedwe cha mtundu watsopano wa anthu - mavuto awa sizitchulidwa ndi Meyerhold. Biomechanics ndi kuikapo maganizo mwachidule kuonetsa maganizo kunachitika nthawi yake - kasamalidwe limodzi ntchito losonkhanitsidwa ndi ena. Koma iye sanaleke ndi wanzeru m'lingaliro luso, ndi labwino maphunziro ndi njira ed.

Biomechanics ndi sotsiomehanika

Kuti limvetse mokwanila akamanena za ndondomeko n'kofunika kuti abwerere kwa nthawi imene anapanga biomechanics wa Meyerhold. Mmodzi mwa adani ake anali ideologue wowala wa ulimi ndi latsopano Theatre A. V. Lunacharsky - sewero wotsutsa ndi woyamba Commissar of Education ya Soviet Russia. Iye zambiri yapadera ya mayesero a wotsogolera, koma iye anakhulupirira izo, mopanda kukaikira, luso ndi choyambirira kulenga munthu. Lunacharsky anayambitsa chiphunzitso cha "sotsiomehaniki" - dongosolo lakonzedwa kuphunzira umunthu chilengedwe zachilengedwe chikhalidwe chotero kulenga zithunzi chenicheni cha siteji ano.

Ngakhale kusiyana akuoneka pakati pa sukulu ziwiri, Meyerhold kwakukulukulu anagwirizana ndi mnzake wake. Agwirizane maganizo awo pa ntchito ndi cholinga cha luso. Onse anagwirizana kuti chinthu chabwino munthu amakhala ndi kalasi chikumbumtima ndipo malo pa anthu, osati munthu ngati zamaganizo a. Biomechanics, Meyerhold akupangidwa wakhala chinyezimiro cha ulimi pa siteji. Ndendende mmene ndinkaganizira cholinga chake mlengi wa dongosolo.

Kuyambira mfundo za sayansi view

Pamaziko a zimene anaonekera amatumiza mkati Biomechanics Meyerhold? dongosolo zisudzo mwina pa kudziŵa, kutali dera la chisunzo. Ndi maziko maphunziro American injiniya Frederick Taylor (1856-1915). chiphunzitso wake wa bungwe imayenera ntchito ankagwiritsa ntchito pa siteji. Kulondola mwa magulu a zisudzo ndi ergonomics ali akwaniritsa osautsa zokambirana komanso magulu pa masewera kuzungulira: zolinga, zochita zosiyanasiyana. Amaonekera mwachindunji fanizo Taylor "ntchito mkombero".

zingapo Nzeru zotsogola nthawi yake ntchito biomechanics wa Meyerhold. dongosolo zokambirana kuphunzitsa zisudzo ndi zochokera zamaganizo a Ivana Pavlova kafukufuku (1849-1936), ntchito ntchito V. M. Behtereva (1857-1927) m'munda wa reflexology. Boma maganizo a ngwazi za sewerolo ngati ya bongo unkagwiritsidwa ntchito yopanga sewerolo "The Forest" A. N. Ostrovskogo: mmene ngwazi za m'malo mwa kudumpha. Aliyense nyamuka latsopano pamwamba amakonda m'mbuyomu. The kuyamba wa sewerolo zinachitika mu za Meyerhold Theatre mu 1924.

biomechanics situdiyo

Kuyesa wotsogolera Meyerhold kupeza malo oyenera maphunziro a dongosolo awo anali anasonyeza ngakhale caricatures cha zaka. Pa mmodzi wa iwo zinayi Meyerhold amagwira nyumba yonse, amene angafikire ku. Adali anu, ndipo Alexandrinsky Theatre, ndi Suvorinsky ndi atelier imene iye ankafuna kuti akonze msonkhano wake. Chifukwa, chipinda anapezeka ndi kulowa mbiri ya zisudzo monga Borodino situdiyo.

maphunziro m'gulu makalasi masewerawa, kuchinga, olimbitsa Agiriki ndi amakono kuvina nyimbo, mawu, juggling. Powonjezera anaphunzitsa mbiri zisudzo, zachuma, ndi zamoyo. Popeza kuchuluka kwa nzika tikhoza kunena kuti biomechanics wa Meyerhold - wosewera ndi wathunthu dongosolo maphunziro.

mtundu watsopano wa wosewera

zisudzo anali atapereka amafuna kuyeza. Iwo anali kugwirizanitsa pa siteji masewera chidwi ndi Chinese zikuluzikulu, choreography ndi tightrope-kuyenda, mafizo clownery. Awa ndi kukhazikitsa zofunika Meyerhold. Biomechanics mwachidule ndi mu nthawi yochepa amatilola kuti tikwaniritse zotsatira ankafuna. Zikomo kwa iye, aliyense wa zisudzo akanakhoza zonse bwino ndi ungwiro katundu wa njira zake mawu. Meyerhold ankakhulupirira kuti zisudzo salola kulephera kuyenda, nthawi zonse mofulumira, ndipo ankadziwa kokha lino. Ndipo zisudzo sayenera mwachimbulimbuli kupita ndi nthawi, ndipo afunika kufunafuna ndi kuyesera.

kuyesera

Kukhazikika situdiyo sayenera maziko a zisudzo latsopano ndipo sanadye mavuto wosewera a sukulu. cholinga chake chinali chosiyana - kukhala ngati choyezera ed. Biomechanics Vsevoloda Meyerholda anafuna kuphunzira kumachita mapulasitiki ndi gawo kayendedwe, improvisation ndi mosamalitsa ndondomeko cholinga cha wotsogolera.

Creative zatsopano m'dziko latsopano si yekha ntchito ndi zisudzo ndi. Mafanizo kudzoza kwa aesthetics maseŵeralo fairground zisudzo, sewero lanthabwala dell'arte, wotsogolera ankamangidwanso danga mkati. Adapereka zithunzi ndi kulekana kwa siteji ndi holo. Pakuti zisudzo kulengedwa ndi zitsulo nyumba atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena, umene umatchedwa "masewera makina". Monga fanizo - atakhala nawo sewerolo "The Cuckold Magnanimous" zochokera F. Fernand Crommelynck (1886-1970). Atavala zisudzo buluu ovololo ankasewera pa siteji popanda zokongola atazunguliridwa ndi zida gymnastic. Mu zisudzo ena ndife Mipikisano ntchito nsanja, katawala, makwerero ndi katawala, kulumikiza ndi omvera.

Chimake othandiza

Mmodzi zokambirana mungathe imatsogoleredwa kugunda ana awo. "Pitani pa chifuwa" - amadziwika zolimbitsa yofotokoza mwayi anapereka ndi biomechanics a V. E. Meyerholda. umunthu wake losavuta umaonekera mutu kwambiri. Mmodzi wa zisudzo ataima pa siteji, kuika phazi limodzi kutsogolo kwa aima ena malo amodzi. Wophunzira chachiwiri akuthamanga ndi kudumpha kumene pa icho. Pa nthawi yomweyo iye amaika miyendo yake ndichotse pa maondo patsogolo ndipo adzagwira khosi okondedwa a. Munthu woyamba amalowerera kukakwera dzanja limodzi kapena awiri miyendo pansipa maondo kudumpha.

Analysis kuphunzira izi zikusonyeza ayenera mgwirizano mu malo a zisudzo awiri. kayendedwe zikufika automatism. kulumpha mphamvu mphamvu ndi ndege njira kwathunthu subordinated kuti nzeru za gulu kukwaniritsa cholinga cha wotsogolera nyimbo. Komanso, aliyense wa zisudzo ndi kugwira ntchito zawo munthu umalimbana kukwaniritsa wamba, chifukwa olowa. Izo zinali zofunika chiphunzitso katundu, yomwe inatenga biomechanics wa Vsevoloda Meyerholda.

Mu nthawi yathu,

Ngakhale m'zaka zinayizo, dongosolo Meyerhold wa zisudzo maphunziro sanataye pempho lake. Iwo akadali mutu wa kukambirana ndi kuphunzira mu mabwalo ed. Tikhoza kunena kuti pamene anaonekera biomechanics a V. E. Meyerholda kuposa nthawi. Ambiri mwa ophunzira kuti odzipereka Vsevoloda Emilevicha dongosolo mu situdiyo ake, anakhala zisudzo odziwika ndi atsogoleri. khama lawo ziwembu wotchuka mbuye kudutsa mibadwo wotsatira, ndi kumachita mulibe nthawi ndi mpirawo oopsa, linkawombedwa muffled mu kosungira wa Lubyanka m'nyengo yozizira 1940.