Ufumu wa Genghis Khan: malire, misonkhano Genghis Khan a. Temujin (Genghis Khan): history, mbadwa

ambiri anthu apadera pali m'mbiri dziko. Iwo anali ana, nthawi zambiri ndaleredwa mu umphawi ndi sanadziwe makhalidwe abwino. Anthu amenewa ukasintha zinasintha kalekale, kusiya phulusa yekha. Iwo anamanga dziko latsopano, ndi mfundo yatsopano ndi maonekedwe atsopano pa moyo. izi mazana anthu onse a anthu alitcha moyo wake lero, chifukwa anayamba zithunzi za zochitika zakale zinkatanthauza kuti alipo lero. Mayina a anthu awa akudziwa zonse, chifukwa iwo amakhala pa milomo. Chaka chilichonse, asayansi angapereke ambiri mfundo zosangalatsa zokhudza anthu kwambiri. Komanso, pang'onopang'ono kutsegula zinsinsi zambiri ndi zinsinsi, kulengeza zimene zingapo m'mbuyomu kungachititse kuti mavuto adzaoneni.

womdziwa

Genghis Khan ndi woyambitsa wa a Mongol ufumu choyamba kwambiri Khan kumene iye anali. Iye anakwatitsa mafuko osiyanasiyana anamwazikana, amene anali gawo la Mongolia. Komanso, iwo anachita ambiri maulendo m'maboma oyandikana. yokopa kwambiri nkhondo itatha mu chigonjetso chathunthu. Ufumu wa Genghis Khan imatengedwa waukulu mwa chokhala lonse mbiri ya dziko lapansi.

kubadwa

Temujin anabadwa mu kapepala delüün boldog. Atate anaitana mwana wake Genghis Khan mtsogoleri ulemu mkaidi Chitata Temudgin-Chigumula, amene anagonjetsedwa ndi kusanachitike kubadwa kwa mwana. Tsiku la kubadwa kwa mtsogoleri wamkulu akadali si yeniyeni, monga momwe zinthu zosiyanasiyana amasonyeza nthawi zosiyana. Malinga ndi zikalata zinalili pa moyo wa mtsogoleri ndi mboni zake biographers, Genghis Khan anabadwa mu 1155. Njira ina - mu 1162, koma palibe umboni yeniyeni. awisi, Yesugei Bahadar, anazisiya mu banja la mkwatibwi pa zaka 11. Genghis Khan anakhala pamenepo mpaka m'badwo umene ana kudziwana wina ndi mzake. Msungwana wamng'ono, m'tsogolo mkwati ndi gulu dzina anali ngati ungirat.

imfa ya atate ake

Malinga ndi malemba, pamene ndimabwerera kunyumba, awisi, pomudyetsanso poizoni Chitata. Kunyumba panali Esugeya malungo, ndipo anamwalira patangopita masiku atatu. Anali ndi akazi awiri. ana awo awiri, ndi mutu wa banja anakankhidwira kunja kwa fuko. Akazi ndi ana anakakamizika moyo mu nkhalango kwa zaka zingapo. Iwo anathawa ndi chozizwitsa: iwo kudya zomera, anyamata anali kuyesera kuti nsomba. Ngakhale mu miyezi yotentha, iwo watembereredwa kuti njala, monga ndiyenera kuti m'matangadza chakudya yozizira.

Oopa chokana olandira a Great Khan, mutu watsopano wa fuko Tarqutai - Kiriltuh anathamangitsa Temudgin. Kangapo mnyamata anathawa, koma m'kupita anakwatulidwa. Amavala chipika wake matabwa kuti kwathunthu kuponderezedwa zochita za kuphedwa kwa. Kunali kosatheka kudya, kumwa, kapena kuthetsa zosasangalatsa cholakwika nkhope. Pozindikira chiyembekezo vuto lawo, Temujin anaganiza kuthawa. Usiku, iye anafika kwa nyanja, kumene ndi kubisika. Boy amamizidwa thupi lonse m'madzi, kusiya pamwamba m'mphuno yekha. Snoop midzi yolamuliridwa ndi mafumu anaona mosamala kwa ena kuda komweko. munthu ananenapo Temudgin, koma sanapereke izo. Kenako anathandiza Genghis Khan kuthawa. Posachedwapa mnyamata anapeza kwawo ku nkhalango. Kenako tinakwatirana pa bolodi.

kukhala kazembe

Ufumu wa Genghis Khan analenga pang'onopang'ono. Poyamba, anayamba amapita nukers ndi umene anaukira m'madera oyandikana nawo. Choncho, mnyamatayo anayamba kuoneka m'dziko yekha, asilikali ndi anthu. Khan anayamba kupanga dongosolo wapadera, zomwe adzalola mosavuta kusamalira horde kukula mofulumira. About 1184 wabadwa mwana woyamba wa Genghis Khan - Jochi. Mu 1206, pa Congress wa Temujin analengeza Khan lalikulu la Mulungu. Mfundo zimenezi ankaona wathunthu ndi wolamulira mtheradi Mongolia.

Asia

Yogonjetsa dziko la Central Asia zinachitika mu magawo angapo. Nkhondo ndi Qara Khitai zinatha Mongolia kuti Mitsinje Zisanu ndi East Turkestan. Pofuna kupeza thandizo la anthu, ku Mongolia analola Asilamu polambira zoletsedwa Naiman. Izi zinathandiza kuti chakuti okhazikika anakakhala anthu kwathunthu anagwirizana ndi Aisiraeli. Population anakhulupirira kubera ku Mongolia "mwa chisomo cha Mulungu," poyerekeza ndi chinthu chimodzimodzi wa Khan Kuchluk. Anthu okha kuti makomo kwa asilikaliwa. Ndi mzinda Balasagun ankatchedwa "mzinda odekha". Han Kuchlug sangathe bungwe kukana mokwanira amphamvu, choncho anathawa ku mzindawo. Posakhalitsa, anapezeka ndi kuphedwa. Choncho, Genghis Khan anatsegula njira kuti Khorezm.

Ufumu wa Genghis Khan odzipereka Khorezm - Dziko lalikulu ku Central Asia. Mfundo ofooka anali anthu otchuka anali ndi mphamvu zonse mu mzinda, kotero zinali yomangika kwambiri. Mayi wa Muhammad yekha amaika anthu onse m'banjamo kuti posts zofunika boma, popanda kupempha mwana wake. Kupanga, motero, nkombero thandizo amphamvu, iye anatsogolera zotsutsana Muhammad. Mugone Internal zoipa unasokonezeka pamene anapachika kuopseza waukulu Mongol kuwukira. The nkhondo Khorezm chifukwa chakuti palibe magulu sanalandire mwayi kwambiri. Usiku, ku Mongolia anasiya nkhondo. Mu 1215, Genghis Khan anagwirizana ndi Khorezm okhudza malonda mangawawo. Komabe, amalonda woyamba amene anapita ku Khorezm, anagwidwa ndi kuphedwa. Pakuti Mongolia anali chowiringula wangwiro kuyamba nkhondo. Kale mu 1219, Genghis Khan ndi mphamvu yaikulu asilikali anatsutsa Khorezm. Ngakhale kuti m'madera ambiri anatengedwa ndi asilikali, ku Mongolia anagonjetsa mzinda, kupha ndi kuwononga zonse padziko. Mohammed anataya nkhondo ngakhale popanda kumenyana, ndipo anazindikira, iye anathawira ku chilumbachi Nyanja Caspian atamaliza anapatsidwa mphamvu kuti mwana wake Jalal al-Din. Pambuyo nkhondo yaitali Khan anagwira Jalal al-Din mu 1221 pafupi ndi Indus Mtsinje. asilikali mdani akwanira pafupi anthu zikwi 50. Kuti tithane nawo, ku Mongolia ntchito mochenjera: Nditakhala ndi kupatutsidwa kwa msewu pa mtunda miyala, iwo anaukira pambali mdani. Komanso Khan wayika mphamvu alonda magawano Bagaturov. Potsilizira pake, asilikali Jalal al-Din anali pafupifupi mwathunthu yawonongeka. Iye anali ndi asilikali zikwi zingapo kuthawa nkhondo kusambira.

Pambuyo 7 mwezi kuzinga likulu anagwa Khorezm - Urgench, mzinda linatengedwa. Jalal al-Din nkhondo ndi asilikali a zaka Genghis Khan 10 yaitali, koma osati kupita nawo ku boma phindu kwambiri. Iye anafa poteteza dziko lawo mu 1231 ku Anatolia.

Mu zaka lalifupi atatu okha (1219-1221) Ufumu wa Muhammad uta pamaso Genghis Khan. The lonse kum'mawa gawo la ufumu umene litatenga dera ku Indus mtsinje Nyanja Caspian, anali mu ulamuliro wa Wamkulu Khan la Mongolia.

West Mongolia anaigonjetsa Jebe ndi Subedeya kampeni. Yolanda Samarkand, Genghis Khan anatumiza asilikali ake kuti agonjetse Muhammad. Jebe ndi Subutai anadutsa lonse la North la Iran kenako anagwira South Caucasus. mzinda lalandidwa ndi mapangano ena kapena kungoti ndi mphamvu. Asilikali zonse anasonkhana msonkho anthu. Posachedwapa, mu 1223 ku Mongolia anagonjetsa Chirasha Polovtsian magulu ankhondo pa mtsinje Kalka. Komabe, kwawo kwa East, iwo anataya wa Volga Bulgaria. zochepa a magulu lingamutsatire anabwerera ku Great Khan mu 1224, ndipo pa nthawi imeneyo iye anali mu Asia.

kukasambira

Khan ndi kupambana koyambirira kumene kunachitika kunja Mongolia, chinachitika pa kampeni zaka 1209-1210 pa Tangut. Han anayamba kukonzekera nkhondo ndi mdani woopsa kwambiri mu East - boma la Jin. M'chaka cha 1211 anayamba nkhondo yaikulu, umene unapha anthu ambiri. mofulumira kwambiri, pofika kumapeto kwa chaka, asilikali Genghis Khan a anali m'deralo kumpoto kwa Wall Wamkulu wa China. Kale mu 1214 mu manja a Mongol asilikali linali gawo lonse, kuphimba kumpoto ndi Yellow Mtsinje. Mu chaka chomwecho panali kuzinga Beijing. dziko chinapezeka mwa Polankhula - Genghis Khan anatenga wolemekezeka Chinese monga mkazi wake, amene anali ndi yaikulu malowolo, malo ndi chuma. Koma kusuntha mfumu anali chinyengo, ndipo mwamsanga pamene asilikali anayamba abwerere Khan, atadikirira yoyenera, nkhondo Chinese anayambiranso. Pakuti iwo chibwana, chifukwa liwiro la Mongolia anagonjetsa likulu kuti nsangalabwi lomaliza.

Mu 1221, pamene kugwa kwa Samarkand, mwana wamkulu wa Genghis Khan ananditumiza Khorezm, kuti kuyamba kuzinga Urgench - Muhammad likulu. Pa nthawi yomweyo mwana wamng'ono anatumidwa ndi bambo ake Perisiya kufunkha ndi analanda dera.

Tiyenera kutchura Nkhondo ya Kalka, zomwe zinachitika pakati pa asilikali Chirasha Polovtsian ndi Mongolian. Modern nkhondo m'dera - izo Donetsk dera la Ukraine. Nkhondo ya Kalka (1223 chaka) kwachititsa kuti chigonjetso lathunthu la Mongolia. Choyamba iwo Amaswa mphamvu Polovtsy, ndipo kenako zinawonongedwa mphamvu yaikulu ya asilikali Russian. 31 Mulole nkhondo itatha imfa ya za 9 akalonga Russian, boyars ambiri ndi amphamvu.

Kukwera Subutai Jebe n'kulola asilikali kupita kupyolera mbali yaikulu ya steppe, amene akuchita Cumans. Izi walola atsogoleri kuti aone ubwino wa zamasewero tsogolo la ntchito ya usilikali, kuphunzira ndipo ndi kulingalira njira wololera. Mongolia anaphunziranso kwambiri za dongosolo mkati mwa Russia, ndi akaidi amene analandira zambiri zothandiza. yokopa Genghis Khan nthawi zonse mosamala mwatsatanetsatane maphunziro, amene anali yetsapo kumayambiliro.

Lazaro

Nkhondo ya Chitata ku Russia zinachitika zaka 1237-1240 ulamuliro Chingizid Batu. Mongolia mwachangu patsogolo pa Russia, anagunda kunja, kuyembekezera mwayi chithunzi. Cholinga cha Chitata anali asilikali yosalongosoka la Russia, kufesa mantha ndi mantha. Nkhondo ndi zambiri asilikali iwo anathawa. Msampha anali kugawanitsa khamu lalikulu ndi kugonjetsa mdani piecemeal yotopetsa akuukira lakuthwa, mokwiya zonse. The Mongolia anayamba kulimbana ndi kuponya mivi kuti kuopseza ndi adani zimalepheretsa. Mmodzi mwa ubwino kwambiri wa asilikali Mongolian chinali chifukwa chakuti kasamalidwe nkhondo unapangidwa bungwe m'njira yabwino. Zosintha sanali kumenyana pambali ankhondo mwachilengedwe, iwo anali pa mtunda wina kuti zabwino kuphimba kuonerera ngodya ya nkhondoyi. asilikali malangizo ndi anthu osiyanasiyana: mbendera, kuwala, utsi, ng'oma ndi machubu. Nkhondo ya ku Mongolia kuganiza mozama. Kuchita izi, izo anachita nzeru wamphamvu ndi kukonzekera za mgwirizano wa mayiko pa nkhondo. chidwi linaperekedwa kwa kutchinjiriza wa mdani, komanso bloating mikangano mkati. Pambuyo gawo ili la asilikali Mongolian anaika pafupi malire. Nagonjetsa chinachitika padziko kukafika kutsogolo kwa. Kuyambira ndi magulu osiyana, asilikali anayesa kulowa pakati. Ozama zakuya, asilikali anawononga mzinda, kuba ng'ombe, asilikali, kupha ndi kugwirira akazi. Kuti bwino pokonzekera kuukira asilikali a ku Mongolia anatulutsa magulu wapadera supervisory, amene anakonza gawo, komanso kuwononga zida mdani. Chiŵerengero cha asilikali mbali zonse molondola, monga momwe mfundo zimasiyanasiyana.

Pakuti Russia Mongol kuwukira zinandipweteka lalikulu. A mbali yaikulu ya anthu anaphedwa, mzinda sanali kumusamalira, monga mwatsatanetsatane anawonongedwa. yomanga Mwala inaimitsidwa kwa zaka zingapo. luso ambiri chabe mbisoweka. Anthu atakhazikika anali pafupifupi mwathunthu lithe. Ufumu wa Genghis Khan ndi mliri Mongol-Chitata kuti Lazaro anali kumagwirizana, kuyambira ku Mongolia, zinali mbamu chokoma.

ufumu Khan

ufumu Genghis Khan ikuphatikiza m'gawo lalikulu ku Danube pa Nyanja ya Japan, ndi ku Novgorod kwa South-East Asia. Pa pachimake, iye Chili dziko la kum'mwera Siberia, Eastern Europe, Middle East, China, Tibet ndi ku Central Asia. XIII Century likutchulidwa chilengedwe ndi wotukuka wa boma lalikulu la Genghis Khan. Koma mu theka lachiwiri la m'nthawi ya ufumu waukulu anayamba kuphwanya mu ulus osiyana, amene ankalamulidwa ndi Genghis Khan. Makombo kwambiri ya boma lalikulu ndi: Golden gulu ufumu n'chokwana, Chagatai Ulus ndi Ilkhanate. Komabe, malire a ufumuwo zinali zochititsa chidwi kuti palibe aliyense kapena wogonjetsa sakanakhoza kuchita zambiri.

Likulu la ufumuwo

Karakorum unali likulu la ufumuwo. Kwenikweni, mawu amatanthauza "miyala wakuda ya phiri." Akukhulupirira izo anakhazikitsidwa mu 1220. Karakorum. Mzindawu unali malo Khan anasiya banja lake pa makampeni ndi zochitika asilikali. Komanso, mzindawo unali okhala Khan, amene adatenga akazembe yofunika. Iwo anadza kwa akalonga Russian kuthetsa nkhani zosiyanasiyana zandale. XIII m'ma anapereka dziko apaulendo ambiri amene asiya mbiri ya mzinda (Marco Polo, Rubruk de A Plano Carpini). anthu a mumzindawo anali motley kwambiri iliyonse kotala wakhala olekanitsidwa ndi zina. mzinda kwawo kwa amisiri, amalonda amene anafika kuchokera konsekonse mu dziko. Mzindawu unali wapadera malinga zosiyanasiyana anthu ake, chifukwa mwa iwo muli anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana, chipembedzo ndi maganizo athu. Komanso, mudzi, linamangidwa ndi zambiri mizikiti Muslim ndi akachisi Chibuda.

Ogedei anamanga nyumba, umene anautcha "Palace ya zaka zikwi khumi za chitukuko." Aliyense Chingizid analinso kumanga nyumba yake apa, ndiko kumene wochepa kumanga mwana wa mtsogoleri wamkulu.

mbadwa

Genghis Khan anali ndi akazi ambiri ndi adzakazi lisanathe masiku ake. Komabe, champhamvu ndi wotchuka anyamata anasenza mkulu ndi woyamba mkazi - bolodi. Wolowa mwana woyamba Jochi, Batu, mlengi wa Golden gulu, Jaghatai-Chagatai anapereka dzina la mafumu omwe analamulira zigawo chapakati kwa nthawi yaitali, Ogaday-Ugedey anali m'malo mwa Khan, Toluj malamulo a Mongol Ufumu kwa 1251 ndi 1259. Only anyamata anai amenewa anali m'chigawo cha mphamvu zina. Komanso, bolodi anaberekera mwamuna wake ndi aakazi matumba Hodzhin, Chichigan, Alagay, Temulen ndi Altalun.

The mkazi wachiwiri wa Khan merkitka Hulan Khatun anabereka mwana wamkazi ndi ana Dayrusunu Kulkana ndi Harachara. The mkazi wachitatu wa Genghis Khan Esukat anampatsa mwana Chara-noynonu ana Chahura ndi Harhada.

Genghis Khan, amene nkhani ndi chidwi ndi anapulumuka ndi ana ake, amene anali kulamulidwa ndi Mongolia pansi Wamkulu Khan Yasoy 20-ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo. Mafumu Manchurian kuti kulamulira Mongolia ndi China ku 16 m'ma 19, anali mbadwa mwachindunji Khan mzere wamkazi.

Sunset ufumu waukulu

Kugwa kwa ufumu chinatenga zaka 9, ndi 1260 kuti 1269. zinali yomangika kwambiri, monga anali nyale yoyaka funso la amene adzapita mphamvu zonse. Komanso, tisaiwale mavuto aakulu utsogoleri anakumana ndi unit kulamulira.

Ufumu dontho zinachitika chifukwa cha ana Genghis Khan a sanafune kukhala molingana ndi malamulo okhazikika ndi bambo ake. Iwo sakanakhoza kukhala pa zopanda chachikulu "About boma Q-rigor." Genghis Khan anapanga zenizeni wankhanza kuti nthawi zonse anafuna kwa iye kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu. moyo mpaka kalekale Temudgin anakumana kuyambira zaka zoyambirira za moyo wake. ana ake ankakhala zosiyana kwathunthu, iwo ndiotetezedwa ndi wodalira m'tsogolo. Komanso, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti amayamikira katundu bambo laling'ono kwambiri kuposa iye.

Chifukwa china kugwa boma wakhala kulimbirana pakati pa ana a Genghis Khan. Iwo amalephera iwo ku zochitika mwamsanga boma. Pamene kunali koyenera kuti athetse nkhani zofunika, abale chinkhoswe mu kutsutsana ndi ubwino. Izi sakanakhoza koma bwanji zinthu pa dziko, udindo lonse, maganizo a anthu. Zonsezi zinachititsa kuti kuwonongeka ambiri mu chikhalidwe m'njira zambiri. Kuuza pakati pa ufumu wa atate, abale sankadziwa kuti wawononga kuti ankaiphwasula miyala.

Imfa ya mtsogoleri wamkulu

Genghis Khan, amene mbiri chidwi tsiku, anabwera kuchokera ku Central Asia, anapita ndi asilikali ake kudutsa Western China. Mu 1225 pafupi ndi malire a XI Xia, Genghis Khan anali pa kukasaka, pa chimene chinagwa ndi zoipa anatunduzidwa. Ndi madzulo a tsiku lomwelo anayamba malungo. Motero, mmawa izo msonkhano msonkhano wa Mabwana, amene analankhula ndi funso kapena kuyambitsa nkhondo ndi Tangut. Pa bolodi komanso anali Jochi, amene si ntchito pa pachimake pa ulamuliro kukhulupirira yapadera nthawi zonse adasokera malangizo a bambo ake. Kuona khalidwe zonse, Genghis Khan analamula asilikali ake kuti apite motsutsana ndi Jochi ndi kumupha. Koma chifukwa cha imfa ya mwana wake fambani ndi sizinachitike.

Thanzi lawo, m'chaka cha 1226, Genghis Khan ndi asilikali ake anawoloka malire a XI Xia. Pambuyo kugonjetseratu zokometsera, ndi mzinda umene waperekedwa adzafunkha, Khan anayamba nkhondo yake yomaliza. Tanguts anali kwathunthu anagonjetsa m'mphepete mwa Tangut ufumu njira kuti kunatseguka. Kugwa kwa ufumu wa Tangut Khan ndi imfa ogwirizana kwambiri, chifukwa mtsogoleri wamkulu anafa apa.

Zimayambitsa imfa

Malemba amanena kuti imfa ya Genghis Khan anabwera atalandira mphatso kwa mfumu ya Tangut. Komabe, pali mabaibulo angapo, zimene ufulu wofanana kulibe. Pakati waukulu ndi zoyambitsa zambiri izi: imfa matenda, anatengera osauka nyengo ya deralo, mmene akugwa pa kavalo. Palinso buku osiyana kuti Khan anaphedwa ndi mkazi wake wamng'ono, amene anatenga mphamvu. Msungwana, kuopa zotsatira zake, anadzipha usiku womwewo.

Manda a Genghis Khan

Malo enieni a manda ya Great Khan sindingathe kuzitcha aliyense. zinthu zosiyanasiyana kusagwirizana pa malingaliro zifukwa zingapo. Komanso, aliyense amene n'chakuti malo ndi njira zosiyanasiyana m'manda. Manda a Genghis Khan akhale iliyonse malo atatu: pa Burkhan Khaldun, kumpoto cha Altai Khan kapena Yehe-UTEK.

Genghis Khan chipilala lili Mongolia. Kukwera Akavalo fano imatengedwa chipilala yaikulu komanso fano mu dziko. Kutsegula chipilala anatenga malo September 26, 2008. kutalika kwake ndi 40 mamita popanda pedestal ndi amene kutalika ndi 10 m. Onse fano TACHIMATA zosapanga dzimbiri, kulemera okwana ndi 250 m. Komanso chipilala Chingizkhanu atazunguliridwa ndi mizati 36. Aliyense wa iwo umaimira Khan wa Mongol Ufumu, Chinggis poyambira ndi kutha Ligdenom. Komanso, awiri-storey chipilala, ndipo pali zakale, luso gallery, dziwe, odyera, chipinda msonkhano ndi ogulitsi. kavalo mutu ndi nsanja kuonera alendo. fanolo wazunguliridwa ndi paki lalikulu. Zolinga za akuluakulu a mzinda kumanga ampira, chipinda chopangira panja, ndi nyanja yokumba.