Culture Russian m'mayiko m'zaka 12-13 - magawo chachikulu cha chitukuko

Culture Russian m'mayiko m'zaka 12-13, chifukwa intensification wa kugawikana ang'onoang'ono, zofooketsa chikoka cha Kiev. Kunja kwa mzinda wa boma kamodzi kwambiri kukhala laling'ono maukulu ang'onoang'ono. polycentrism Zimenezi malo angapo chikhalidwe, amene kale kwambiri anachoka chikoka Kiev ndi kukhala malangizo awo oyambirira. North Russia anayimiridwa mwa Vladimir-Suzdal ndi Novgorod ukulu, kumadzulo - wotchedwa Galicia-Volyn. Zaluso, zomangamanga, mabuku sayansi - izi ndi zochita waukulu kufotokoza chikhalidwe cha Russian m'mayiko 12-13 zaka. Mwachidule, longosolani mafunde awa pansipa.

zomangamanga

Aliyense wa maukulu Russian amati udindo kutsogolera mu chikhalidwe. Potsanzira likulu la Kiev mu aliyense wa iwo ali omangidwa ngati aang'ono wa St. Sophia, anakhazikitsa Golden Chipata. M'kupita kwa nthawi, pali chitsanzo chapadera zake kalembedwe, khalidwe la zomangamanga wakale Russian. Vladimir Mfundo Cathedral, Mpingo wa Kupemphera pa Nerl, Dmitrievsky Cathedral - wotchuka mapulani katswiri, amene anatchuka chifukwa chikhalidwe cha mayiko a Russian 12-13 zaka.

Literature. birchbark

Kalata yoyamba makungwa birch anazipeza Novgorod mu 1951. Pachibwenzi ku 11-12 atumwi. Anadzapeza makungwa birch mu Pskov, Vitebsk, ndi Smolensk, Staraya Russa. Kwenikweni makalata kufotokoza mbali ya chikhalidwe cha moyo mu masiku amenewo. Pali milandu, probate ndi ikugwirira utsogoleri, madongosolo. Pakati akupeza wapatali anali makalata kufotokoza kuphunzira mu Russia wakale. Monga anatchuka, namtindi wa ku Russia ochokera m'madera osiyanasiyana m'nyengo kuti amadziwa kuwerenga ndi kulemba. Ndipo kulemba ophunzitsidwa osati amuna komanso akazi.

Books ndi Kumasulira

A malo aakulu mu mabuku a nthawi anapatsidwa mabuku zamulungu. Culture Russian m'mayiko m'zaka 12-13 muli ntchito yomasulira ku zinenero zonse kudziwika. A nambala yaikulu Mfundo zamulungu amasuliridwe mu Russian. M'kupita kwa nthawi, ndinayamba kumasulira ndi mabuku a boma. Miyoyo ya anthu aakulu ndi mapangano awo, ndi chilakolako. Pa nthawi iyi mu mchitidwe umenewu kaundula olembedwa osiyanasiyana ndi mbiri. Iwo yafalikira mtundu watsopano wa ntchito zolembalemba - "chiphunzitso". Zolembedwa odziwika bwino olembedwa anapulumuka masiku ano: ". Ikani" "Malangizo a Monomakh"

sayansi

Kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ya munthu ndiponso chilengedwe - imodzi mwa mbali yaikulu kuti yodziwika chikhalidwe cha mayiko Russian m'zaka 12-13. Mipukutu yachilendo, limafotokoza Kapangidwe ka dziko ndi chilengedwe, kusiyana kwa nyama ndi zomera, ndi mwachangu amamasuliridwa ndiponso kufalitsidwa. Kumene, mu masiku amenewo, zochitika zonse za chilengedwe ankazimasulira mawu achipembedzo, koma malemba anapatsidwa zinthu zofunika kafukufuku m'tsogolo.

Chithunzi 12-13 m'zaka

Culture dziko Russian amakhala ndi zikamera wa Russian chizindikiro kupenta. Izi lachipembedzo zaluso chatifika ku Byzantium, koma kenako lidzasinthidwa mwangwiro Russian luso malangizo. moyo wosasangalala Mokhwima mafano Byzantine pang'ono woyenera mokondwerera maganizo a za Asilavo kum'mawa. Nkhani yaikulu mafano Russian anasunga maina Byzantine. Mwachitsanzo, Byzantine akanali fano ambiri Virigo "Oranta" - upemphera, "Odigidriya" - atanyamula mwana mu mikono yake, "Eleusa" - kukanikiza Child. Awiri m'madera chachikulu akhala allocated iconography - Novgorod, lomwe lili lowala, mitundu zimalimbikitsa, ndi Kiev ntchito mithunzi zobisika kwambiri ndi theka malankhulidwe.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, ambiri ntchito zamanja - mwala kusema ndi nkhuni. Stone m'mbale wokometsedwera akachisi ndi nyumba zachifumu, ndi dongosolo nkhuni napeza tsiku ndi tsiku: iwo chokongoletsedwa ndi zinthu ziwiya tsiku ndi tsiku moyo ndi kuphika.

Ngakhale kugawikana ang'onoang'ono, chikhalidwe cha mayiko Russian m'zaka 12-13 anali pa mlingo mkulu. Komanso chitukuko chinalepheretsa isanayambike asilikali Chitata Mongol m'dziko Russian ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Tartar goli.