Mapangidwe midzi akale. Zikamera ndi kukula kwa midzi akale mu Europe

Pambuyo kugwa kwa Western Roma ku Ulaya, nyengo ya "mibadwo ya mdima." Nthawi imeneyi, pafupifupi onse a mumzindawo sanali kumusamalira ndi m'chipululu. Mafumu ang'onoang'ono anakonda kukhala m'nyumba zawo. Achepetsa phindu la ndalama mu chuma. Mchitidwe umenewu chabe kupatsana mphatso. Ngati wina Abbey linapanga mankhwala yachitsulo, ndipo wina Mwachitsanzo, mowa unkafululidwa, iwo anatumiza wina ndi mnzake pa zinthu. Wamba komanso chinkhoswe mu tsintho.

Koma pang'onopang'ono, ntchito zamanja ndi malonda anayamba kutsitsimutsa, chifukwa mu mapangidwe midzi akale. Ena anamanganso pa malo a polis wakale, ena zinacitika pafupi ndi amonke, milatho midzi doko, otanganidwa msewu.

m'matauni wakale ndi akale

Mu ndondomeko Roma chitukuko ikuchitika malinga ndi dongosolo chisanadze naye. Lililonse mzinda waukulu wakhala m'bwalolo kuti masewera ndi omenyana nkhondowo, madzi, sewerage. M'misewu anapangidwa athyathyathya ndipo lonse. Zikamera ndi kukula kwa midzi akale zinachitika nkhani ina. Iwo anamanga chaotically, popanda dongosolo wamba.

N'zochititsa chidwi oyambirira Ages Middle ambiri a nyumba akale ntchito kwa cholinga chomwe poyamba anamanga. Choncho, lalikulu osambira a Aroma nthawi zambiri kutembenukira ku matchalitchi. Ndipo mkati Colosseum ndi ufulu m'bwalomo, anamanga nyumba.

Malonda

Urban Kubadwa Kwatsopano ku Ulaya anayamba ndi Italy. Maritime malonda ndi Byzantium ndi mayiko Arab zinachititsa kuti zikamera likulu ndalama kwa amalonda ndi pachilumbachi. Gold anayamba amapita ku Italy tawuni akale. Kukula ubale chofunika ndalama wasintha moyo wa kumpoto Mediterranean. M'malo mwa chuma wachibadwa, pamene aliyense cholowa ang'onoang'ono amapereka yekha ndi zonse zofunika, specialization dera yafika.

chitukuko cha zamanja

Trade ndi mphamvu zazikulu mapangidwe midzi akale. Urban luso anakhala njira zonse kunachitika la zasungidwa. Poyamba, alimi anakakamizika kuchita ulimi ndipo ndi zamanja ena. Tsopano tili ndi mwayi mwaukadaulo chinkhoswe mu kupanga mankhwala apadera, kugulitsa zinthu zawo ndi ntchito ndalama kukagula chakudya.

Akatswiri m'mizinda ogwirizana munalidi gulu, wotchedwa zokambirana. mabungwe amenewa munalengedwa kukakwanilitsa chithandizo mwagwirizana ndi odana ndi mpikisano. mitundu yambiri ya zamanja anatilola kuchita zokambirana kuti mamembala. Nthawi mzinda wa mdani asilikali a mamembala a guilds anapanga mayunitsi adziteteze.

chinthu achipembedzo

Mwambo Mkhristu yopita kwa malo achipembedzo kwakhudza mapangidwe midzi akale. Poyamba, ambiri mwa zinthu zopatulika akulemekezedwa ku Roma. Kulipira ulemu kwa iwo, mzinda amalandira zikwi amwendamnjira. Kumene, kupita pa ulendo wautali m'masiku amenewo zinangokhala anthu sanali osauka. Kwa iwo, mu Rome Map ambiri anatsegulidwa, odyera, masitolo ndi mabuku achipembedzo.

Mabishopu a mizinda ina, powona momwe ndalama zambiri kubweretsa Rome apaulendo wopembedza, kwambiri, anafuna kuti ena chidina. zinthu zopatulika anabweretsa kuchokera kumadera akutali kapena mozizwitsa pa Intaneti. Izo zikhoza kukhala misomali kuti anamupachika Khristu, mphamvu ya atumwi, nguwo za Yesu kapena Virgin ndi zina zakale zimenezi. Oyang'anira oyendayenda kwambiri anakwanitsa kukopa, ndi apamwamba a ndalama mzinda.

chinthu asilikali

Nkhondo Pamlingo waukulu ndi mbiri ya Ages Middle. Tauni akale, mwa zinthu zina, zikhoza kukhala yofunika njira chinthu kuteteza malire dziko ku nkhondo ya mdani. Pankhaniyi, khoma ake akunja kuvumbitsira pacimake ndi mkulu. Ndipo mu mzinda munali asilikali ankhondo ndi chakudya lalikulu la chakudya m'nkhokwe mu nkhani ya kuzinga yaitali.

Mu mochedwa Ages Middle, ambiri ankhondo inkakhala mercenaries. Mwambo umenewu makamaka zofala wolemera Italy. Anthu kumeneko mzinda sanafune pachiswe nkhondo, ndipo ankakonda ali asilikali aganyu. Ali Swiss ambiri ndi Germany.

mayunivesite

sukulu kunathandiza kuti mapangidwe midzi akale. Mbiri ya mayunivesite European akuyamba m'zaka XI. Ndipo apa, nayenso, ulamuliro wa ku Italy. Mu 1088 mu mzinda wa Bologna ndi yunivesite yakale kwambiri ku Ulaya anakhazikitsidwa. Iye akupitiriza kuphunzitsa ophunzira mu tsiku lathu.

Kenako mayunivesite anaonekera mu France, mu England, kenako m'mayiko ena. Iwo anachititsa chiphunzitso cha nkhani za maphunzira auzimu ndi boma. Mayunivesite wakhalapo pa ndalama zapadera, choncho amakhala okwanira ufulu kuboma. M'mayiko ena a ku Ulaya ndi malamulo amene amaletsa apolisi kupita ku dera la mabungwe apamwamba maphunziro.

m'tauni

Choncho, panali magulu angapo, zomwe zimabweretsa kwa zikamera ndi kukula kwa midzi akale mu Europe.

1. Malonda: yonyamula katundu osiyanasiyana ndi nyanja ndi kumtunda.

2. chuma cha amisiri: Master, manufactures mankhwala mafakitale akhala maziko a zachuma mzindawo.

3. Atsogoleri Azipembedzo: Mipingo ndi mchitidwe umenewu sanali yekha miyambo yachipembedzo, komanso sayansi ndi chuma zochitika komanso kupezeka mu moyo ndale.

4. Asilikali ankhondo osati nawo yokopa ndi ntchito podziteteza komanso bata mu mzinda. Olamulira zinawachititsa kwa adani a akuba, ndi wolanda.

5. Aphunzitsi ndi ana asukulu: mayunivesite ndi mphamvu ndithu mapangidwe midzi akale.

6. Gulu la anthu apamwamba: nyumba zachifumu za mafumu, atsogoleri, ndi olemekezeka zina inali m'madera a m'tawuni.

7. amalonda ena ophunzira: madokotala, clerks, osunga ndalama, oyeza, oweruza, etc ...

8. anthu osauka okhala m'mizindayo: atumiki, opemphetsa, akuba.

Kulimbana wodzilamulira

Dziko limene anauka mzinda, poyamba a ambuye m'deralo kapena Abbey mpingo. Iwo umene misonkho pa opeza, amene kukula wayikidwa amangosankha ndipo ankakonda kwambiri kwambiri. Poyankha kuvutitsidwa ndi landlords anabwera akale kulankhula midzi akale. Osema, amalonda ndi anthu ena ogwirizana ndi ichitikire kukana ambuye ang'onoang'ono.

Zofunikira waukulu communes m'matauni zinali zotheka misonkho sanali kulowelela kwa mwininyumba ntchito chuma alendo. Childs, zokambirana idatha drafting ya hayala, amene anali dokotala ufulu ndi ntchito magulu onse. Kusaina zikalata izi wamaliza mapangidwe midzi akale, kupereka maziko malamulo a moyo wawo.

ulamulilo wokomela

Kamodzi ufulu wodzilamulira wakhala wawawombola ambuye ang'onoang'ono, ndi nthawi kufotokoza mfundo limene akale m'mudzi weniweniwo wamangidwa. Munalidi gulu gulu la handicrafts ndi munalidi gulu la amalonda mabungwe kumene anakulira dongosolo la olowa kupanga zisankho ndi maulamuliro visola.

Mabwanankuba ndi oweruza mu matauni akale anasankhidwa. Mu nkhani iyi, kwambiri ndondomeko ya chisankho ovuta kwambiri ndipo Mipikisano gawo. Mwachitsanzo, mu Venice, chisankho Doge zinachitika mu magawo 11. Othandiza sanali konsekonse. Kulikonse panali katundu ndi kalasi choyenereza kuti okha nzika olemera kapena bwino wobadwa akhoza kuchita nawo chisankho cha.

Pamene mapangidwe midzi akale kunatha, panali dongosolo limene onse levers kulamulira mu manja a owerengeka mabanja achifumu. anthu osauka anali wosasangalala ndi boma la zochitika. kumangika Social zina anazitsanulira mwa kugalukira yam'manja. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anthu apamwamba a m'tawuni anali asintha ndi kukuza ufulu wa anthu osauka.

Tanthauzo la m'mbiri

Yogwira kukula kwa mzinda inayamba mu Europe mu zaka X-XI mu chapakati ndi chakumpoto Italy ndi ku Flanders (masiku ano Belgium ndi Holland). Magulu galimoto ya ndondomekoyi anali malonda ndi luso yopanga. Patapita mzinda anayamba kundiyendera bwino France, Spain ndi m'mayiko German wa Woyera wa Chiroma. Chifukwa, Africa zasintha.

N'zovuta Musaone Impact kuti wakhala pa chitukuko cha mapangidwe midzi akale mu Europe. Urban luso ankalimbikitsa patsogolo luso. Trade kwachititsa kuti kusintha kwa shipbuilding, ndipo kenako anatulukira ndi chitukuko cha ku Dziko Latsopano. oyang'anira tauni boma mwambo chinadzakhala maziko a dongosolo demokalase wa maiko ambiri Western. Udzatha ndi Magna Carta, ufulu ndi kumasulika kwa makalasi osiyanasiyana, anapanga dongosolo la malamulo European. chitukuko A m'mizinda ya luso ndiponso sayansi kukonzekera Kubwera kwa Kubadwa Kwatsopano.