History of Chechnya kuyambira Kale

Woyamba Chechen State anaonekera mu Ages Middle. M'zaka za m'ma XIX, patapita nthawi yaitali Caucasus nkhondo dziko mbali ya Russian Ufumu. Koma mu mbiri tsogolo la Chechnya zinali zonse za masamba zotsutsana ndi zomvetsa chisoni.

ethnogenesis

Anthu Chechen wakhala anapanga kwa nthawi yaitali. The Caucasus wakhala ankasiyana ethnically osiyanasiyana, ngakhale mu dera asayansi komabe anayamba chiphunzitso logwirizana la chiyambi cha dziko lino. chilankhulo Chechen wa Nakh nthambi ya chinenero Nakh-Dagestan banja. Limatchedwanso vostochnokavkazskoy, malinga ndi resettlement wa mafuko akale, amene onyamula loyamba m'zilembo izi.

mbiri Chechnya inayamba kuoneka Vainakh (lero akuti imeneyi inaperekedwa makolo a Chechens ndi Ingush). Mu ethnogenesis ake nawo zosiyanasiyana mitundu woyendayendawu: .. Msukuti, m'mayiko a Iranians, ndi Sarmatians, etc. Akatswiri kuperekedwa kwa makolo wa Chechens TV Colchis ndi Koban zikhalidwe. kuda awo osiyanasiyana m'dziko Caucasus.

m'mbiri yakale

Chifukwa chakuti mbiri ya Chechnya akale zinachitika, pakalibe boma centralized, zochitika ndi povuta kuti adzaweruza mpaka Ages Middle. Amadziwika yekha kuti IX m'ma Vainakh anali subordinated anansi awo, amene analenga ufumu wa Alania ndi phiri Avars. Latest mu zaka VI-XI moyo mu chikhalidwe ndi likulu lake ku Sarir Tanus. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti pakhala ambiri onse Islam ndi Chikhristu. Komabe, mbiri ya Chechnya kunali kuti Chechens anakhala Asilamu (monga kuyenera, mwachitsanzo, anansi ake Georgia).

M'zaka za m'ma XIII Mongol kuwukira anayamba. Popeza Chechens kusiya otentha oopa magulu ambiri. Malinga ndi ganizo loperekedwa chimodzi (alinso adani), nthawi yomweyo analenga woyambirira ang'onoang'ono boma Vainakh. mapangidwe Izi sizinakhalitse ndi anawonongedwa pa nkhondo ya Tamerlane mu m'ma XIV.

matepi

Kwa nthawi yaitali zigwa pa phazi la Caucasus mapiri olamulidwa ndi mafuko Turkic olankhula. Choncho Chechen mbiri wakhala zogwirizana mapiri. Moyo wa anthu ake inakhazikitsanso mogwirizana ndi mawu a Edene. M'midzi akutali, nthawi zina anatsogolera yekha chikudutsa wina, matepi iliyonse. Amenewa anali mabungwe Kupititsa analenga pansi amayanjana mafuko.

Adanyamuka Zapakati, matepi zilipodi ndipo adakali ndi chodabwitsa zofunika lonse Chechen anthu. zinthu zimenezi zinalengedwa kuti adziteteze anansi aukali. History lili ndi nkhondo Chechen ndi mikangano. Fuko anayambitsa mwambo wa kubwezera magazi. mwambo uku kwabweletsa peculiarities chake timakhala pakati teips. Ngati mkangano chinalimba pakati pa anthu angapo, kwenikweni zinafika pa nkhondo mafuko mpaka chiwonongeko chotheratu cha mdani. Chinali nkhani ya Chechnya kuchokera kalelo. Vendetta analipo kwa nthawi yaitali kuyambira dongosolo teip alowa m'malo mwa boma m'njira watsiku ndi mawu kwambiri.

chipembedzo

Information zimene anali m'mbiri yakale ya Chechnya, mpaka tsopano pafupifupi sanakhale ndi moyo. Ena zokumbidwa pansi zikusonyeza kuti Vainakh mpaka m'ma XI anali achikunja. Iwo amulambira gulu la milungu m'deralo. The Chechens anali mwambo wa chikhalidwe ndi mbali zake zonse khalidwe: .. minda Opatulika, mapiri, mitengo, etc. Sizachilendo ufiti, matsenga ndiponso miyambo ina esoteric.

Mu XI-XII CC. m'dera la Caucasus anayamba kufalitsa Chikhristu amene anachokera ku Georgia ndi Byzantium. Komabe, posakhalitsa Constantinople ufumu anakomoka. Chikhristu m'malo ndi Sunni Islam. Chechens ayamba izo kwa anansi Kumyks ndi Golden gulu. Ingush anakhala Asilamu m'zaka za m'ma XVI, ndi okhala m'midzi mapiri - m'zaka XVII. Koma kwa nthawi yaitali, Islam sakanakhoza bwanji miyambo chikhalidwe amene zambiri zochokera m'miyambo dziko. Koma kumapeto kwa zaka za zana XVIII Sunnism ku Chechnya anatenga za malo omwewo m'mayiko Arab. Iwo anali olumikizidwa ndi chakuti chipembedzo ndi chida chofunika kwambiri pa nkhondo yolimbana ndi Russian Orthodox alowererepo. Udani wa anthu achilendo akayaka osati pa dziko komanso pa malo achipembedzo.

XVI m'ma

M'zaka za m'ma XVI, ndi Chechens anayamba kutenga m'chigwa kanthu m'chigwa cha mtsinje Terek. Pa nthawi yomweyo, anthu ambiri anakhala mu mapiri, ndi kusinthidwa malo awo achilengedwe. Mbaenda kumpoto kufunafuna moyo wabwino kumeneko. Anthu mwachibadwa anakula, chuma zikusowa sikunali kokwanira. Chisauko ndi njala amakakamizidwa matepi ambiri kuthetsa pa m'mayiko ena. Ankalamulira anamanga mudzi waung'ono, omwe anali ndi dzina la mtundu wina. Part wa mayina malo anasunga lero.

History of Chechnya kuyambira nthawi yakale ali n'zogwirizana ndi chiopsezo pa mbali ya wongosamukasamuka. Koma m'zaka za m'ma XVI, akhala kuli wamphamvu. Zolotaya Orda linagawanika. ulus ambiri zonse pa nkhondo wina ndi mzake, chifukwa sakanatha kukhazikitsa ulamuliro pa anansi ake. Komanso, m'pamene anayamba kukula kwa Russian Ufumu. Mu 1560. Iwo anagonjetsa Kazan ndi Astrakhan Khanate. Ivan Grozny anali kulamulira zonse za Volga, motero kupeza mwayi kwa Caspian Sea ndi Caucasus. Mu Russia mu mapiri akhala ogwirizana wokhulupirika pa nkhope ya Kabardian akalonga (Ivan Grozny nkomwe Mary Temryukovna - mwana wamkazi wa mkulu wa Temryuk Kabardian).

The ojambula woyamba ndi Russia

Mu 1567, iwo anayambitsa Terek Russian ndende. Izi zinali Ivana Groznogo anafunsa Temryuk, amene ankaganiza kuti athandize mfumu zotsutsana ndi Crimea Khan - m'manja mwa mfumu yakumeneko Ottoman. Yomanga malo a linga linali m'kamwa mwa mtsinje Sunzha - Terek tributary. Icho chinali choyamba Russian kuthetsa pafupi atangochimwa dziko Chechen. Kwa nthawi yaitali anali ankamasulira Terek ndende Moscow Kukula kwa Caucasus.

Atsamunda anali Greben Cossacks, amene sanali mantha moyo pa dziko lakutali achilendo, ndipo utumiki wawo kuteteza zofuna za mwayekha lapansi. Iwo anakhazikitsa mwachindunji kukhudzana ndi mbadwa wamba. Mbiri ya anthu Chechen chidwi Grozny, natenga woyamba Chechen ofesiyo, yomwe itatumiza Prince Shih-Murza Okotsky. Iye anafunsa kuti atiteteze kwa Moscow. Iwo anapereka chilolezo kuti mwana wa Ivan Groznogo Fedor Ioannovich. Komabe, mgwirizano umenewu sizinakhalitse. Mu 1610, Shih-Murza anaphedwa, wolowa wake unachotsedwa ndipo analanda ukulu loyandikana fuko Kumyks.

Chechen ndi Terek Cossacks

Back mu 1577 inakhalapo ndi Terek Cossacks, maziko amene analipo anasamukira ku Don, Chopra ndi Volga Cossacks ndi Orthodox Circassians, Ossetians, Georgia ndi Armenia. Recent anathawa patsogolo Persian ndi Turkey. Ambiri a iwo akhala Russified. Msinkhu Cossack kulemera chinali chapadera. Izi sakanakhoza kulephera muzindikire Chechnya. Chiyambi cha nkhondo yoyamba pakati pa ng'ombezi ndi Cossacks si mapulani koma m'kupita kusiyana anakhala pafupipafupi ndi achabe.

Chechens ndi anthu ena zamakolo za Caucasus ankachitika anawazunza kugwira ng'ombe ndi zina kupanga zothandiza. Nthawi zambiri anthu wamba chidatengedwa mu ukapolo, kenako anabwerera kwa dipo kapena kupanga iwo akapolo. Ataona zimenezi, Cossacks komanso ankachitika anawazunza m'mapiri ndi anagonjetsa midzi. Komabe, Zikatero okhawo m'malo ulamuliro. Nthawi zambiri pali nthawi yaitali mtendere, pamene anansi kuti malonda ndi mzake ndipo anapereka okha ndi mabanja athu. M'kupita kwa nthawi, Chechens, ngakhale anaitenga ku Cossacks zina za ulimi, ndi Cossacks, nayenso anayamba kuvala zovala, ofanana kwambiri Phiri.

XVIII m'ma

The theka lachiwiri la XVIII atumwi mu North Caucasus zinali zodzaza ndi kumanga latsopano Russian mizere zokhalamo. Mpheroyi m'malinga angapo, pamene atsamunda watsopano. Mu 1763 anakhazikitsidwa Mozdok, ndiye Ekaterinodarskaya, Pavlovskaya, Maryinskaya, St. George.

forts Iwowa m'malo Terek ndende kuti Chechens ngakhale anakwanitsa thumba tsiku lina. Pakali pano, mu zaka 80 Chechnya anayamba kufalitsa Sharia kuyenda. Inasanduka mawu otchuka la jehad - nkhondo ya chikhulupiriro cha Chisilamu.

Caucasus nkhondo

Chisilamu lateokalaseli boma Chechnya - Mu 1829 ku Caucasus Imamate unakhazikitsidwa. Pa nthawi yomweyo dziko ali national yake ngwazi Shamil. Mu 1834 anakhala Imam. Iye akabvera Dagestan ndi Chechnya. Mbiri ya zikamera ndi kufalitsa mphamvu zake chikugwirizana ndi nkhondo yomenyana ndi Russian Kukula kwa North Caucasus.

Kulimbana Chechens inapitirira kwa zaka zambiri. Pa siteji ena Caucasus nkhondo zapiringizana ndi nkhondo ndi Perisiya, komanso Crimea nkhondo, mayiko a ku Ulaya Western anatsutsa Russia. Wopemphedwa chithandizo Chechnya chikanathandiza? History Nokhchi boma m'zaka za m'ma XIX sakanakhala chotero yaitali, ngati si thandizo la Ottoman. Ndipo komabe, ngakhale kuti Sultan anathandiza mapiri, Chechnya potsiriza anagonjetsa 1859. Shamil anali woyamba analanda ndiye ankakhala ku aulemu mu Kaluga.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa mphamvu Soviet

Pambuyo pa February utasintha wa Chechen magulu anayamba kuukira pafupi Grozny ndi Vladikavkaz sitima. Mu kugwa kwa 1917 kutsogolo kwa First World nkhondo, anabwerera kwawo otchedwa "mbadwa magawano." Mpheroyi Chechens. Kudulidwa anapanga nkhondo yeniyeni ndi Terek Cossacks.

Posachedwapa Petrograd Bolsheviks anayamba kulamulira. Awo Red Alonda anabwera Grozny mu January 1918. Part Chechens anathandiza mphamvu Soviet, ena anapita ku mapiri ndipo ena athandiza woyera. Kuyambira February 1919 Grozny anali pansi pa ulamuliro wa asilikali Petra Vrangelya ndi anzake British. Izo zinali kokha mu March 1920, Red Army potsiriza unakhazikitsidwa likulu la Chechnya.

kuthamangitsidwa

Mu 1936, latsopano Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic unakhazikitsidwa. Pakali pano, mu mapiri anali zigaŵenga zankhondo amene anatsutsa Bolsheviks. Otsiriza magulu amenewa anawonongedwa mu 1938. The osiyana koma amaganiza ya nzika za Republic akhalabe.

Posachedwa Wamkulu zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo, amene anakhudzidwa ndi Chechnya ndi Russia. Mbiri za nkhondo ndi nagonjetsa German mu Caucasus, komanso amadzibisa onse ndi zovuta asilikali Soviet. zomvetsa katundu anali kuwonjezera pa zikamera wa magulu Chechen amene anachita motsutsana ndi Red Army kapena anali kuipitsidwa ndi Anazi.

Izi wafunsira utsogoleri Soviet kuyamba kupondereza ndi anthu onse. February 23, 1944 onse a Chechens ndi Ingush anansi, kaya maganizo awo kuti Soviet Union, anawabweza kwa Asia Central.

Ichkeria

Chechens amatha kubwerera kwawo yekha mu 1957. Utatha la Soviet Union, kumene kudzutsidwa The maganizo osiyana mu dziko. Mu 1991, mu Grozny, ndi Republic Chechen wa Ichkeria analengeza. Kwa kanthawi yosagwirizana ndi boma unalinso mazira. Mu 1994, Pulezidenti Russian Boris Yeltsin anaganiza kuti atchule asilikali ku Chechnya kubwezeretsa mphamvu uko mu Moscow. Mwalamulo, ntchito unkatchedwa "akuyesetsa kukhalabe dongosolo malamulo."

Woyamba Chechen nkhondoyo inatha August 31, 1996, pamene mapangano a Khasavyurt anali anasaina. Ndipotu pangano ndifunika achire wa asilikali boma ku Ichkeria. zipani anavomera kudziwa udindo wa Chechnya mpaka December 31, 2001. Ndi isanayambike World Ichkeria linalandira ufulu, ngakhale kuti mwalamulo losadziwika ndi Moscow.

modernity

Ngakhale pambuyo kusaina mapangano a Khasavyurt, vuto kumalire ndi Chechnya amakhalabe obvutika kwambiri. Republic anakhala pothawirapo aziphunzitso, Islamists ndi mercenaries zigawenga chabe. August 7 Brigade Izinso Shamilya Basaeva ndi Khattab litalanda loyandikana Dagestan. The aziphunzitso ndikufuna adalenga m'gawo lake la wodziimira boma Chisilamu.

Mbiri ya Chechnya ndi Dagestan ndi ofanana kwambiri, osati chifukwa cha moyandikana Hrs, komanso chifukwa cha kufanana kwa zikuchokera mitundu ndi zipembedzo za anthu. asilikali Federal anayamba potsimikizira-uchigawenga ntchito. Choyamba, zigaŵenga anaponyedwa kunja kwa dera la Dagestan. Ndiye kachiwiri analowa Russian asilikali Chechnya. Yogwira asilikali gawo la msonkhano inatha m'chilimwe cha 2000, pamene iye anali Achotsa Grozny. Pambuyo mwalamulo akadali pa 9 zaka anakhalabe counterterrorist ntchito. Today Chechnya - wina wonse Akuluakulu a ku Russia.