Ion latisi Krustalo

Zolimba kulili crystalline ndi amorphous ndipo makamaka ndi dongosolo crystalline. Kumasiyana malo lolondola la tinthu mfundo yeniyeni n'chiyani, yodziwika ndi zisadzachitikenso zodziwitsa mu volumetric, malo atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena. Ngati maganizo kulumikiza mfundo zimenezi ndi molunjika - kupeza chimango malo wotchedwa ndi latisi krustalo. Mawu akuti "crystalline latisi" amatanthauza chitsanzo zojambula amene akufotokoza periodicity atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena pogawira mamolekyulu (maatomu, ayoni) m'dera krustalo.

particles otchedwa malo mfundo za mfundo latisi. Mkati chimango ndi yapakati-mfundo kulankhulana. Mtundu ndi chikhalidwe cha particles kulankhulana therebetween: mamolekyulu, maatomu, ayoni - kudziwa mtundu wa galasi latisi. Okwana pali anayi a mitundu: amaayoni, atomiki, maselo ndi zitsulo.

Ngati mfundo kophimba anakonza ayoni (particles ndi mlandu zoipa kapena zabwino), izi ion galasi latisi, yodziwika ndi kugwirizana a dzina lomweli.

Maulalo awa olimba kwambiri ndi khola. Choncho nthumwi ndi mtundu uwu wa kapangidwe ndi kuuma mokwanira mkulu ndi osalimba, si loopsali ndi refractory. Pa otsika kutentha, iwo azikhala ngati insulators. Komabe, pa limatsogolera mankhwala amenewa wosweka geometrically zolondola ion galasi latisi (ayoni malo) ndi kuchepetsedwa mphamvu kugwirizana.

Pa kutentha pafupi limatsogolera kutentha ndi timibulu ndi nsinga amaayoni kale akhoza kunyamula magetsi panopa. mankhwala amenewa ndi mosavuta sungunuka m'madzi ndi zina zamadzimadzi, amene wapangidwa mamolekyulu kumalo ozizira.

Ion galasi latisi khalidwe la zinthu zonse m'ndende amaayoni - salt, hydroxides zitsulo, zitsulo bayinare mankhwala ndi nonmetals. Amaayoni ubale alibe directivity danga chifukwa aliyense ion amagwirizana ndi ayoni angapo kauntala, mphamvu ya mogwirizana zimadalira mtunda wa pakati pawo (malamulo Coulomb a). Ion okhudza mankhwala dongosolo si maselo, iwo ndi zolimba ndi lattices amaayoni, wodalitsika kumalo ozizira, mkulu limatsogolera ndi mfundo kuwira, mu amadzimadzi njira, ndi electrically conductive. Mankhwala m'ndende amaayoni mu maonekedwe ake angwiro pafupifupi sanapezeke.

Ion galasi latisi khalidwe la oxides ena lililonse ndi hydroxides zitsulo, salt, i.e., Zinthu ndi amaayoni mankhwala muzikondana.

Komanso pali amaayoni akapolo, zachitsulo, maselo ndi covalent nsinga mu galasi lapansi.

Timibulu kukhala covalent akapolo, ndi semiconductors kapena insulators. Zitsanzo Chitsanzo timibulu atomiki ndi diamondi, pakachitsulo ndi germanium.

Diamondi - ndi mchere kiyubiki allotropic kusinthidwa (mawonekedwe) mpweya. The galasi latisi wa daimondi - nyukiliya yovuta kwambiri. The mfundo zoterozo maatomu ndi latisi ali cholukanalukana ndi mgwirizano wolimba kwambiri covalent. Diamondi wapangidwa ndi maatomu osiyana mpweya inali imodzi pakati pa tetrahedron ndi amene mfundo ndi anayi yapafupi atomu. Chotero latisi ndi wofanana ndi fcc wagawo khungu, chifukwa mu kuuma pazipita diamondi ndi mfundo ndi mkulu kusungunuka. Mu diamondi latisi palibe mamolekyulu - ndi galasi akhoza ankamuona ngati kam'bulu kamodzi yokongola.

Komanso ya atomiki galasi latisi khalidwe la pakachitsulo, boron olimba, germanium ndi mankhwala a zinthu payekha ndi pakachitsulo ndi mpweya (silika, khwatsi, Mica, mtsinje mchenga, pakachitsulo carbide). Ambiri, nthumwi za zolimba crystalline ndi latisi atomiki ndi ochepa.