Mphamvu kusankha. Mwachitsanzo galimoto mtundu wosankhidwa

Mu 1859, English wasayansi Charles Darwin lofalitsidwa ntchito yake lofunika "The Origin of Species Kudzera Natural Kusankha". Bukuli woyamba kukonza ndi chiphunzitso ano chirengedwe. mphamvu zake galimoto - masoka kusankha, amene nawonso, lagawidwa mitundu yambiri, kuphatikizapo kusankha zazikulu. Zitsanzo za amanena, deta mu "Origin of Species", zinasonyeza mmene limagwirira kuti chitukuko cha moyo padziko lapansi.

SUMMARY zazikulu kusankha

zazikulu kusankha mfundo ndi yakuti anthu ena amene alandira kusiyana ndi malamulo wamba anatengedwa ndi mitundu, ndi mu malo zaphindu ndipo pamapeto pake kupambana nkhondo kupulumuka. Ndi yaitali ndi zovuta ndondomeko. Intraspecific kusintha amakhudza nyumba yonse ndi matupi uliwonse wa zamoyo. Agwiritsidwa kwa onse kachulukidwe khalidwe (kukhalapo kapena kusapezeka kwa kusintha) ndi khalidwe (gawo, akuwerengedwerabe).

Mbiri ya chitukuko zolengedwa zoyamwitsa amapereka ofufuza zitsanzo zambiri za mtundu wa kusankha galimoto. Kwambiri kusintha kwa zizindikiro - chiwerengero cha tsitsi pa wagawo dera, misa ziwalo zosiyanasiyana, nambala ya maselo ofiira a magazi. Pa kusanduka chinawonjezeka kukula kwa ubongo wa munthu. A nambala yaikulu yofanana mu makhalidwe a kuphatikana ndi osiyana minofu Kapangidwe ka mtengo bronchial a m'mapapo, mawonekedwe chiwindi.

mitundu wofooka

A kuchuluka kwa mitundu wapakatikati yeniyeni kwaiye zazikulu kusankha. Zitsanzo za gulu zimenezi zinachititsa Darwin yekha. Izi British wofiira grouse, umene unachitika ku mitundu Norway, tizilombo wa Madeira, mbalame za Islands ndi Galápagos. Onse a iwo tinganene kuti "mitundu wofooka." M'magazini yaikulu chiyani? fomu iyi ndi ofanana kwambiri maonekedwe, koma ndi ofanana ndi mitundu ina ya kapena yogwirizana kwa iwo mwa njira zokhwima kuti akatswiri sakuzindikira iwo mitundu osiyana.

angelo amenewa wamoyo - izi ndi olumikizirana kusanduka. mitundu wofooka - akuchitira akutulukira atsopano. Iwo akadali komanso anapambulwa pa makolo awo, koma kale ndondomeko olekanitsa. Ichi ndi chitsanzo zazikulu kusankha nyama. Yak chifukwa cha kulimbana kwa moyo. Monga mmene zonyozeka mwina kusintha nthawi zina mu mawonekedwe, ngati iwo ali mu njira iliyonse zothandiza, iwo, mosakaika, adzatsala ndipo adzakhala anatengera mbewu.

Mbalame zazikulu kusankha

Kulimbana kuli - makamaka yolimbirana chakudya. Ngati maganizo sangathe kulimbikitsa malo ake mu unyolo chakudya, izo kwenikweni zisathe. Zitsanzo za galimoto mawonekedwe kusankha zamoyo zimaonetsa inachokera pa nyama kudya.

Taganizirani mitundu ingapo ya mbalame. Big Tito kwa tsiku limodzi kudya kwambiri tizilombo, ndi kulemera lofanana ndi thupi lake, ndi kuleza tailed Tito akubweretsa chakudya mazana wake wamng'ono wa nthawi tsiku gawo limodzi prihvatyvaya 5-6 mbozi. Pied Flycatcher kudyetsa mwana wa kilogalamu mphutsi ndi kafadala mu masabata awiri. Wren akhoza kudya kwa chaka ndi tizilombo 10 miliyoni pa chaka. kestrels American panthaŵiyinso m'pofunika kuti andipeze kuti mbewa 300 ndipo ambiri mbalame yaing'ono. Kudyetsa anapiye awo anaperekedwa starlings timazipeza atatu birdhouse.

Zonsezi - chitsanzo cha mtundu wa kusankha zamoyo galimoto. Kusintha m'mimba, matumbo ndi milomoyo mbalame anasintha pang'onopang'ono. Ena mwa iwo anakula Hardy ndi wakhama, ena akhala ogwirira lalikulu, ndipo ena anamwalira, opanda chakudya kapena inasanduka chakudya cha m'dera.

mitundu lalikulu

Zosiyanasiyana ndi kwaiye kukachitika kuti nyama kapena zomera ambiri padziko lonse. Darwin Kuwonjezera awa mitundu lalikulu. Zinali awo nthawi zambiri allocates zazikulu kusankha. Mwachitsanzo - ankakhala mbali zosiyana za Europe ndi ku Asia nkhandweyo wamba. Ndipamene njira zosiyanasiyana enieni zonse m'malo mzake. Nkhandwe zimene zimakhala kumpoto, wokulirapo kusiyana ndi nkhandwe kuti moyo kum'mwera, mu zone ya steppes ndi theka-zipululu. Zazing'ono amakhala ku Central Asia, makamaka Afghanistan.

The osiyanasiyana dziko nkhandweyo - chifukwa cha kusanduka, amene wachita kusankha zazikulu. Chitsanzo ndi zoonekeratu: kumpoto kwa nyama ayenera kukhala wowawa kuposa kumwera. Izi chikugwirizana ndi nyengo ndi anansi oopsa. Pa kusamuka, ndi nkhandwe kum'mwera, m'badwo uliwonse watsopano kukhala ang'onoang'ono chifukwa cha yofanana yaing'ono achilengedwe. anthu atsopano akhale kusinthidwa kwa steppes ndi zipululu, anapitiriza kugonjetsa madera sankadziwa.

Mphamvu Kusankha ndi chakudya

Zitsanzo zonse zamphamvu zokhazokha kusonyeza kuti pa nkhani iliyonse chikhalidwe amasunga bwino kwachilengedwenso. Ngakhale zosiyanasiyana latsopano amapezerapo mwayi ndipo lalikulu, mu ulamuliro wake pali malire. Mfundo imeneyi kumaonekera kukachitika kuti munthu kuyesera kanthu zinangokhalako zokha.

Mu 1911, pachilumba Pribilof pafupi Alaska, anabweretsedwa 25 nyama mphalapala. Iwo ali bwino amakonda malo atsopano - mu 1938, iwo anayamba zikwi ziwiri. Anthu anasonyeza kuti kwambiri, chifukwa cha zimene wakhala linasokoneza chakudya ndi anthu onse anamwalira. Mu 1950, 8 okha mphalapala anachoka pa chilumba. Kaperekedwe kusankha zazikulu ndi zitsanzo zosonyeza kuti, ngati mitundu ndi zinthu zabwino kwambiri, wachulukitsa massively, iye udzaononga chakudya chofunikira okha, ndipo kenako anadzipha yekha.

N'chimodzimodzinso ku Arizona yachonde Keybab pamene anthu akuyesera kuti abwezeretse chiwerengero cha mbawala yaikazi ndi anaponya coyotes ndi cougars ndi kusaka lamulo loletsa. kachulukidwe Kugwiritsa ya anthu anali poyambira ya kutha kwa anthu.

masinthidwe mwachisawawa

zazikulu kusankha njira ukugwira erratically. Darwin hadapidziwa tayu kuti kusintha zolimbana, akutulukira mibadwo watsopano wa zamoyo. Asayansi wa XX atumwi anazindikira kuti pali zinthu zatsopano zomera ndi nyama chifukwa cha masinthidwe mwachisawawa. Iwo akhoza kuoneka mwanzeru ndipo mwakachetechete kutha, koma ngati kusintha kumeneku ndi opindulitsa kwa munthu aliyense payekha, iwo adzapulumutsidwa anatengera mbewu.

Australia anatsegula azungu anabweretsa kwa Africa wamba njuchi, amene mofulumira zinawonongedwa njuchi mbadwa ali zochepa mbola. Pankhaniyi ndi yokumba. chifukwa wake anali zochita za anthu. Koma N'chimodzimodzinso zachilengedwe zazikulu kusankha.

intraspecific kulimbana

Kulimbana kupulumuka nthawi zonse wamakani, koma yolimbirana moyo pakati pa anthu ndi mitundu ya mtundu womwewo kugonjetsedwa awiri. Zingamvekere kufanana mu makhalidwe ndi kapangidwe ka thupi.

Mu Scotland, m'zaka za m'ma XIX, panali nkhondo pakati pa mitundu iwiri ya thrushes - kuwonjezeka mu missel chiwerengero zinachititsa kuti kutha kwa nyimbo thrush. Chitsanzo cha zochita za mtundu wa kusankha zamoyo galimoto n'chakuti mu Russia, Asia cockroach mphemvu kulikonse m'malo achibale awo akuluakulu.

interspecies kulimbana

Nkofunika kuti dongosolo lililonse organic pokhala zimakhudza kwambiri pa zina zamoyo pafupi. Monga ulamuliro, ndi mpikisano tsiku lililonse ali akumenyana kupulumuka. Choncho, majeremusi amene amakhala pafupi akambuku, anaonekera slinging lililonse. Iwo anali yabwino kutsatira ubweya wa nyama zakutchire.

Zitsanzo za kusankha galimoto zomera akhoza tikambirana nkhani ya interspecies kulimbana. Bwino aliyense dandelion ali hoholkami- pappose. Iwo amanyamula mbewu ndi n'zogwirizana m'madera amene kuli anthu, pamene pali mbewu. Chotero eg kuvumbitsira osati kupulumuka komanso kuchulukitsa ambiri. Mbewu briefing kutali ingafalire kudzera mumpweya ndi kugwa pa silinakwaniritsidwe anatengedwa ndi nthaka.

yowonjezera

Koyamba, mwa kundipatsako kwa zakudya mu mbewu za zomera ambiri alibe poyerekezera ndi zomera zina. Koma Kwenikweni, kufunika yovuta kwambiri. Yankholo mu kukula kugunda mmera, kuchita naye ozungulira zomera kunja. Mu magawo oyambirira a mofulumira osauka zanthete za nandolo kapena nyemba. M'kupita kwa kusanduka yakeyake mbewu zawo analandira chakudya lalikulu la chakudya, chomwe chinawathandiza kutenga kagawo kakang'ono zikuluzikulu dziko organic. Species mpikisano nandolo, nyemba, sanalandire mwayi uwu, iwo anataya interspecies kulimbana ndi mbisoweka ku nkhope ya dziko lapansi.

Chitsanzo chapamwambachi chikusonyeza kuti lamulo zofunika. Pamene nyama ndi zomera igwera mu dziko latsopano ndi pakati alendo pamaso mpikisano, zikhalidwe za moyo zimasiyana kwambiri, ngakhale nyengo akanali yemweyo. Kuti apeze kufalikira m'dera latsopano, mtundu wa ndi kupatuka pa chitukuko kuchokera kwa makolo awo.

akuchedwa kusankha

Mphamvu kusankha umagwira ntchito nthawi zonse tsiku ndi tsiku. Iye amapulumutsa ndi tachokamo kusintha zothandiza, potero kutukula umunthu organic, malinga ndi zikhalidwe za moyo wake. Kusankha wosakwiya ndi imperceptible diso la munthu, koma inexorable. Evolution sangatengedwe kukhala kwa mibadwo ingapo. Kuti tichite zimenezi, asayansi ayenera kuphunzira lonse Geological Nthawi ndi nthawi zikwi kapena mamiliyoni osatha a zaka.

Kusankha mwina ntchito chifukwa zizindikiro, zingatanthauze zonyozeka ndithu. Mwachitsanzo, tizilombo kudya masamba, osiyana wobiriwira ndi kudya makungwa a mitengo amakhala ndi imvi akuda. Ngati kusintha mtundu, angelo amenewa kukhala zooneka ndi osatetezeka kwa adani. Mofananamo, kwa nkhosa zoyera ndi nkhosa amapha kukhalapo ngakhale ang'onoang'ono wakuda banga.

Malumikizanidwe ndi anatengera

Zizindikiro za anthu wozindikira ndi kusintha osati chifukwa cha masinthidwe mwachisawawa, komanso malinga ndi mfundo za malumikizanidwe. Kwenikweni ake ndi chiyani? Pamene inu kusintha mbali imodzi ya thupi, izo kumawachititsa kuti kusintha m'madera ena. Nthawi zambiri amazipotokola izi ndi zosiyana zamoyo zinachita katundu mosayembekezeka.

Ntchito yaikulu ya kusintha - chipangizo. Iwo angagwe pamisinkhu yosiyanasiyana ya moyo. Mwachitsanzo, nthiwatiwa anapiye pa mulomo chapamwamba ndi khalidwe tentha mthupi tokhala umatchedwanso Kuseli mano. Mu masiku oyambirira kuswa kwa dzira, iwo kupasuka ndipo zikawoneka. yekha cholinga chawo - kuthandiza mwana wankhuku kuswa chipolopolo. Izi otchedwa embryonic chipangizo. Timatha malingaliro anu mlingo kubadwa ndi zosavuta nkhondo kupulumuka. Chifukwa chotero mbali wamba kuti alengeze ndi ntchito zazikulu kusankha.