James Webb Space Telescope (James Webb Space Telescope): Launch tsiku, zida

Ndi chilichonse zina centimeter kabowo, aliyense zina chachiwiri kuonerera nthawi ndipo aliyense zina atmospherics atomu, kutali kuchokera kumunda kafukufuku zakutali, bwino, mwakuya ndi bwino mudzaona chilengedwe.

Zaka 25 "Hubble"

Pamene makinawa "Hubble" unayamba kugwira ntchito mu 1990, chinatseguka nyengo yatsopano mu zakuthambo - danga. Silinafunikirenso kuthana ndi mlengalenga, mitambo, kapena nkhawa kukulowa mu atomu. Chofunika - ndi atumiza ilili pa chandamale ziziyenda ndi kusonkhanitsa photons. Kwa zaka 25 wa telesikopu danga anayamba kuphimba dziko lonse mu atomu sipekitiramu, amene analola kwa nthawi yoyamba kuti tione thambo lililonse timaganiza kuwala.

Koma zokhudza chawonjezeka ndi kumvetsetsa kwathu osadziwika lapansi. Ndi zina ife kuyang'ana mu chilengedwe, m'pamenenso timaona zakale kwambiri: a amalire kuchuluka kwa nthawi kuyambira Big Bang, molumikizana ndi liwiro amalire kuwala amapereka malire a zimene tingathe kusunga. Komanso kukula kwa malo wokha sukhalira ntchito nafe motsatizana ndi timaganiza kuwala kwa nyenyezi akuyenda kudutsa chilengedwe chonse kuti maso athu. Ngakhale danga zakutali "Hubble" imene amatipatsa kuya, mafano chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ya chilengedwe chonse chimene ife chidapezeka, zambiri pankhani imeneyi.

"Hubble" Kuipa

"Hubble" - kuti makinawa chodabwitsa, koma zofooka yakuti

• 2.4 chabe mamita awiri, zomwe zimasokoneza ake kusamvana.
• Ngakhale zipangizo chimawala ❖ kuyanika, izo zonse dzuŵa mwachindunji, amene usavutike. Izi zikutanthauza kuti chifukwa zotsatira ikukhudzana sakhoza penyani timaganiza kuwala kuposa 1.6 microns.
• Kuphatikiza kabowo zochepa ndipo timaganiza, imene ndi yovuta kwambiri, kutanthauza kuti makinawa akhoza kuona Way palibe zaka zoposa 500 miliyoni.

nyenyezi awa ali angwiro, kutali kunalipo chilengedwe anali pafupifupi 4% wa zaka zake pano. Koma ife tikudziwa kuti nyenyezi ndi nyenyezi analipo kale.

Kuwona izo, makinawa ayenera kukhala ndi kulingalira apamwamba. Izi zikutanthauza kusintha kwa adziwana dzulo yaitali ndi kutentha n'chozama kupitirira "Hubble". N'chifukwa chake, ndipo analenga James Webb Space Telescope.

Ziyembekezo sayansi

James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) lakonzedwa kugonjetsa zofooka awa ndi: ndi 6.5 mamita awiri zakutali amatenga nthawi 7 kwambiri kuwala kuposa "Hubble". Limadzitsegula kuthekera kopitilira muyeso-mkulu-kusamvana kafukufuku wazamawalidwe kwa 600 nm kuti microns 6 (nthawi 4 lalikulu kuposa timaganiza, ndilo kuona "Hubble") kusunga pakati infuraredi dera ndi tilinazo kuposa kale. JWST amagwiritsa kuzirala chabe ndi kutentha padziko Pluto ndipo amatha mwachangu kuziziritsa zipangizo m'ma infuraredi mpaka 7 K. Telescope James Webb zingakuthandizeni kuchita sayansi palibe patsogolo si mwachita.

Iye atero:

• kusunga nyenyezi oyambirira nkomwe;
• kuonekera mwa ndale mpweya kafukufuku ndi woyamba nyenyezi reionization chonse;
• agwire spectroscopic Kupenda nyenyezi yoyambirira (anthu III), anapanga pambuyo Big Bang;
• kupeza zodabwitsa chodabwitsa, ngati anapeza oyambirira mabowo supermassive wakuda ndi quasars m'chilengedwe chonse.

Mlingo kafukufuku JWST si wofanana ndi m'mbuyomu, ndipo kotero makinawa anasankhidwa monga NASA a flagship ntchito 2010s.

chaluso sayansi

Malinga ndi kuona luso watsopano James Webb zakutali ndi ntchito zenizeni za luso. polojekiti wadutsa kutali: panali overruns bajeti, kuchedwa ndandanda ndi chiopsezo Kulipira cha polojekiti. Pambuyo phukusi la utsogoleri watsopano zasintha. ntchito mwadzidzidzi wabweza monga ulonda Ndalama zinatumizidwa allocated, nkhani zolakwa, zolephera ndi mavuto, ndi gulu anayamba atanyamula JWST mawu onse, ndandanda ndi zopinga zambiri. Launch inyamuka kwa October 2018 mu roketi "Ariane 5". Gulu osati motere dongosolo, iye ali miyezi inayi kumanzere kulola kuti vuto lililonse mosayembekezera kumene anali onse anasonkhana ndi wokonzeka patsikuli.

James Webb Telescope idzafotokoza zinayi zikuluzikulu.

wagawo kuwala

Pamafunikanso onse kalirole limene zothandiza kwambiri khumi gilt segmented galasi chachikulu. Iwo ntchito kusonkhanitsa nyenyezi kutali ndi kuika zida zake kwa kusanthula. kalirole onsewa zakonzeka tsopano ndi changwiro, anapanga pa nthawi yake. Pa mapeto a msonkhano iwo apangidwe kukhala ndi kapangidwe yaying'ono kuti akuthamanga pa mtunda wa makilomita oposa 1 miliyoni ku Earth mpaka L2 Lagrange, kenako basi kutembenukira kupanga zisa dongosolo, limene kwa zaka zambiri Adzasonkhanitsa kuwala Outbound. Zimakhala chinthu chokongola ndi zinthu ziwayendere bwino Titanic khama la akatswiri ambiri.

Katundu pafupi infuraredi

"Webb" ali okonzeka ndi zida anayi sayansi kuti ali okonzeka 100%. Kamera chachikulu ndi kamera ya zakutali pafupi IR osiyanasiyana, kuyambira kuwala kuonekera kwa kwambiri lalanje-infuraredi dera. Izo kupereka chithunzi kochuruka kwa nyenyezi oyambirira, ndi nyenyezi wamng'ono omwe adakali mu ndondomeko ya mapangidwe, nyenyezi wamng'ono wa Milky Way ndi nyenyezi pafupi, mazana a zinthu zatsopano mu Kuiper lamba. Iwo wokometsedwa kwa kulingalira mwachindunji Mapulaneti mozungulira nyenyezi zina. Chimenechi chidzakhala kamera zazikulu, ntchito ndi anthu amene akungokuonani kwambiri.

Pafupi infuraredi Spectrograph

chida ichi osati alekanitsa kuwala mu mlengalenga ngati kuwala munthu, koma angathe kuchita izi zoposa 100 zinthu payekha nthawi yomweyo! chipangizo Ichi ndi chilengedwe spectrograph "Webb", umene umagwira ntchito 3 osiyana ankhanza kafukufuku wazamawalidwe. Linamangidwa ndi European Space Agency, koma zigawo ambiri kuphatikizapo zoyesera ndi Mipikisano vavu batire, operekedwa ndi Center kwa Space Flight. Goddard (NASA). chipangizo ichi wayesedwa ndipo ndi wokonzeka unsembe.

Mid-infuraredi chida

Chipangizo kuti ntchito kulingalira burodibandi, i.e. adzakhululukidwa analandira kudzera fano yochititsa chidwi ndi zida zonse "Webb". Kuyambira mfundo za sayansi view, zingakhale zothandiza kwambiri kuyeza mbale protoplanetary mozungulira nyenyezi wamng'ono, kayesedwe ndi zowonera ndi sikunachitekepo molondola zinthu Kuiper m'Galimoto ndi fumbi usavutike ndi nyenyezi. Iye ndi chida yekha ndi cryogenically ndi utakhazikika 7 K. Poyerekeza ndi Spitzer Space Telescope, izi adzasintha zotsatira mu nthawi 100.

Gapless spectrograph NIR (NIRISS)

chipangizo udzabala:

• lonse-kafukufuku wazamawalidwe mu pafupi infuraredi timaganiza dera (1.0 - 2.5 micron);
• Grism kafukufuku wazamawalidwe chinthu chimodzi mu zooneka ndi infuraredi osiyanasiyana (0.6 - 3,0 micron);
• masking-kabowo interferometry pa mlengalenga ngati kuwala kwa 3.8 - 4.8 microns (kumene ankayembekezera nyenyezi woyamba ndi nyenyezi);
• kafukufuku lonse-osiyanasiyana munda wonse wa view.

chida ichi analengedwa ndi Canada Space Agency. Atayendetsa kuyezetsa cryogenic iye ndi okonzeka aphatikizire mu zida Bay kwa makina a.

sunshield

Space telesikopu iwo sizinathe yoikidwiratu. Chimodzi mwa zinthu yoopsa kwambiri ya oyambitsa aliyense ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo watsopano. M'malo yozizira spacecraft lonse mwakhama ntchito disposable consumable refrigerant, Yakobo Webb zakutali amagwiritsa ntchito luso zatsopano - 5 wosanjikiza dzuwa chishango kuti zinatumizidwa kuti tionetse cheza dzuwa kuchokera zakutali ndi. Zisanu mapepala 25 phazi ndodo titaniyamu ogwirizana ndi kuika pambuyo analamula kwa makina a. Chitetezo wayesedwa mu 2008 ndi 2009. zitsanzo m'ziwawa, nawo mayesero choyezera, anachita zonse iwo amayenera kuchita kuno pa dziko lapansi. Izi ndi luso wokongola.

Komanso, alinso ndi mfundo zosaneneka: sanangobwera ndigwire kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi kuika telesikopu mu mthunzi, ndi kuwapangitsa kuti kutentha zonse ankalankhula mbali zosiyana kwa lathu kwa makina a. Aliyense wa zigawo zisanu mu danga zingalowe adzakhala ozizira monga mtunda kuchokera kunja kukhala pang'ono otentha kuposa kutentha pamwamba - mozungulira 350-360 K. wosanjikiza otsiriza kutentha ayenera kusiya kwa 37-40 K, imene ndi yozizira kuposa pamwamba pa usiku Pluto.

Komanso, kusamalitsa kwambiri anatengedwa ndi kuteteza ku malo chokhwima kwa malo akuya. Chimodzi mwa zinthu kukhudzidwa pano ndi timiyala ting'onoting'ono nsangalabwi kukula, mchenga, fumbi ndi ngakhale zochepa kudzera danga interplanetary zouluka pa liwiro la makumi kapena mazana a zikwi km / h. micrometeorites izi amatha prodelyvat kakang'ono, tosaoneka mabowo zonse amakumana: spacecraft, masuti danga, kalirole, telesikopu ndi zina zambiri. Ngati galasi adzakhala dents okha kapena mabowo, pang'ono kuchepetsa zilipo "kuwala wabwino", ndi gulu dzuwa akhoza wang'ambidwa m'mphepete m'mphepete, amene adzakonza wosanjikiza lonse achabechabe. Pofuna zodabwitsazi lingaliro wanzeru ankagwiritsa ntchito.

Onse chishango dzuwa wakhala yagawidwa m'magawo kotero kuti, ngati pali kusiyana yaing'ono limodzi, awiri kapena atatu awa, wosanjikiza sadzakhala kugwetsera zina, monga wovulala mu zenera lakutsogolo galimoto. Partitioning kusunga dongosolo lonse la lonse, ndikofunika kuteteza kudzitsitsa.

Spacecraft: msonkhano ndi dongosolo kulamulira

Ndi chigawo wamba, monga amene alipo mu telesikopu onse danga ndi utumwi sayansi. Mu JWST ndi wapadera komanso wokonzeka. Chomwe chatsala ndi womanga wamkulu wa ntchito kampani Northrop Grumman, - chishango wathunthu, kudzisonkhanitsa makinawa ndipo fufuzani. chipangizo adzakhala wokonzeka kuyamba mu zaka 2.

zaka 10 wotulukira

Ngati zonse zitayenda bwino, anthu ali pafupi atulukira asayansi aakulu. Chophimba mpweya ndale, limene ndimachita mwachidule nyenyezi oyambirira ndi nyenyezi, amafunitsitsa mphamvu infuraredi "Webb" ndi luminosity zambiri choncho. Iyi idzakhala yaikulu, yovuta kwambiri makinawa lalikulu timaganiza osiyanasiyana kuchokera microns 0,6 mpaka 28 (maso athu amaona kuchokera microns 0.4 kuti 0,7) konse anamanga. Kuyembekezeredwa kupereka khumi kuzipenya.

Malinga NASA, mawu akuti "Webb" Cholinga adzakhala kwa zaka 5.5 10. Iwo okha ndi kuchuluka kwa mafuta chofunika kukhalabe kanjira, ndi moyo zamagetsi ndi zida m'malo nkhanza za mlengalenga. Makinawa yozungulira James Webb adzasenza katundu yense wa mafuta lonse 10 wazaka akuti, ndi miyezi 6 pambuyo Launch adzayesedwa kuonetsetsa ndege, limene linapatsa zaka 5 ntchito sayansi.

Kodi ndikhoza kupita cholakwika?

Waukulu kuchepetsa chinthu ndi kuchuluka kwa mafuta pa bolodi. Pamene watha, ilili zimatenga kutali Lagrange mfundo L2, kubwera pa monga kanjira wachisokonezo kwambiri Dziko Lapansi.

chikomokere ichi, zingachitike ndi mavuto ena:

• ofanana kudzitsitsa, imakhudza kuchuluka kwa anasonkhana kuwala ndi kulenga chithunzi zakale, koma sadzakhala kuwononga ntchito zina zinthu zakutali ndi;
• kulephera kwa gawo kapena okwana chophimba dzuwa, zomwe adzaukitsa kutentha kwa spacecraft, ndipo itsekeke pang'ono pa ntchito timaganiza osiyanasiyana kwa pafupi kwambiri infuraredi dera (2-3 microns);
• Kuwonongeka kuzirala dongosolo chida m'ma IR zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimachititsa kuti osayenera ntchito, koma bwanji zipangizo zina (0.6 kuti 6 microns).

Mayeso ovuta kwambiri kuti akuyembekezera James Webb zakutali, - Launch ndi jekeseni mu kanjira ankafuna. Ndi zimene atayesedwa ndi kudutsa bwinobwino.

Kusintha sayansi

Ngati James Webb zakutali ntchito mu mode wabwinobwino, mafuta ndi zotha kuonetsetsa kuti ntchito yake kuchokera 2018 mpaka 2028. Komanso, lingathe kutichitikira refueling, zimene kutalikitsa moyo makinawa kwa khumi ndi mzake. Monga "Hubble" opaleshoni kwa zaka 25, JWST kuti anaonetsetsa mbadwo wa sayansi chosintha. Mu October 2018 roketi "Ariane 5" adzakhala kumayenda pamtunda woyenera pozungulira tsogolo la zakuthambo, amene, pambuyo pa zaka zoposa 10 ntchito mwakhama kale anachita kuyamba kubala zipatso. Tsogolo danga telesikopu pafupifupi anafika.