Nyukiliya riyakitala: mfundo zikugwira ntchito, ndipo unit dera

Kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya riyakitala nyukiliya zochokera initialization ndi kudzigwira opatsa anachita nyukiliya. Izo ntchito monga ciwiya cofufuzila yopanga isotopes nyukiliya ndiponso ngati gwero mphamvu zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya.

Nyukiliya riyakitala: mfundo ya opareshoni (lalifupi)

Ntchito m'bukuli fission ndondomeko imene phata katundu linagawanika mu zidutswa ziwiri zing'onozing'ono. makombo awa ali mu mkhalidwe okondwa ndi zimatulutsa neutrons, ndi tinthu ena subatomic ndi photons. Neutrons zingathe kudzetsa kugawikana latsopano chifukwa cha zomwe panamveka kwambiri, ndi zina zotero. Izi mosalekeza kudzikonda opatsa chiwerengero cha disintegrations otchedwa unyolo anachita. Pa nthawi yomweyo, wambirimbiri mphamvu, kupanga amene ali Cholinga cha ntchito kwa mphamvu za nyukiliya.

Mfundo ntchito ya riyakitala nyukiliya ndi mphamvu za nyukiliya zomera ndi chotero kuti 85% ya mphamvu madera akuwaza adzamasulidwa pasanapite nthawi kwambiri pambuyo chiyambi cha zotani. Mavesi amapangidwa ndi oipa nyukiliya katundu fission, iwo atamukana neutrons. Nyukiliya kuwola ndi ndondomeko imene atomu kufika khazikika. Anapitiriza ndi pambuyo magawano.

The atomiki bomba unyolo anachita kumawonjezera mu mwamphamvu, mpaka nkhani za adzakhala linagawanika. Izi zimachitika mofulumira kwambiri popanga ndi mabomba amphamvu kwambiri khalidwe la mabomba amenewa. Limagwirira ndi ntchito ya riyakitala nyukiliya kumadalira pa mfundo za kukhala unyolo anachita pa malamulo mlingo pafupifupi nthawi zonse. Bukuli lakonzedwa kuti amaphulika monga atomiki bomba sindingakhoze.

Unyolo Chisoni komanso kutsutsa

Physics fission riyakitala anatsimikiza kuti unyolo anachita Mwina pambuyo nyukiliya fission nyutironi umuna. Ngati anthu posachedwapa amachepetsa, mlingo wa kugawikana mapeto idzagwa ziro. Pankhaniyi riyakitala adzakhala mu boma subcritical. Ngati anthu nyutironi anakhalabe pa mlingo zonse, mlingo fission adzatsala khola. The riyakitala adzakhala mu mwakayakaya. Ndipo potsiriza, ngati pa nthawi anthu nyutironi chikamakula, kugawa liwiro ndi mphamvu kwambiri. boma pachimake amakhala supercritical.

Mfundo ntchito ya riyakitala nyukiliya lotsatira. Asanayambe anthu nyutironi ali pafupi ziro. Kenako, ntchito kuchotsa ulamuliro ndodo kuchokera pakati, kuwonjezera nyukiliya fission riyakitala mongoyembekezera amasintha mudziko supercritical. Atafika pa oveteredwa mphamvu ntchito mwina anabwerera ulamuliro ndodo, kusintha kuchuluka kwa neutrons. Kenako riyakitala ndi anakhalabe mu mwakayakaya. Pamene kuli kofunikira kuti asiye, ndi woyendetsa amaika ndodo kwathunthu. Izi limaleka magawano, amasiyiratu pachimake mu boma subcritical.

mitundu ya mathanki

Ambiri mwa mphamvu alipo ndi kupoletsa kutentha koyenera kuyendetsa turbines, amene amayendetsa magudumu a magetsi a makhazikitsidwe nyukiliya ku dziko. Komanso, pali ambiri kufufuza mathanki, ndi m'mayiko ena sitima zankhondo kapena zombo pamwamba, yoyendetsedwa ndi mphamvu ya maatomu.

zomera mphamvu

Pali mitundu yambiri ya mtundu wa riyakitala, koma ambiri anatengera kamangidwe ka madzi kuwala. Poyankha, zikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu madzi otentha kwambiri kapena madzi otentha. Mbali yoyamba ya kuthamanga madzi usavutike ndi kutentha kwa pachimake ndi akulowa jenereta nthunzi. Kumeneko, kutentha kwenikweni dera yachiwiri wadutsa, mopitirira chikukhudza madzi. The nthunzi kwaiye pamapeto pake akutumikira monga madzimadzi ntchito mu chopangira mphamvu nthunzi mkombero.

The riyakitala ndi mtundu kuwira ntchito pa mfundo za mphamvu mwachindunji mkombero. Madzi kudutsa pakati, anabweretsa kwa chithupsa pa mlingo sing'anga kuthamanga. Zimalimbikitsa nthunzi umadutsa mndandanda wa separators ndi dryers ndi mtima mu riyakitala chotengera, chifukwa uliri sverhperegretoe. Koopsa nthunzi ndiye ntchito ngati madzimadzi ntchito, chopangira mphamvu onsewo.

Mkulu-kutentha gasi utakhazikika

Mkulu-kutentha gasi utakhazikika riyakitala (HTGR) - ndi riyakitala nyukiliya, mfundo ya ntchito zachokera ntchito graphite monga mafuta chisakanizo cha mafuta ndi microspheres. Pali awiri kupikisana ziwembu:

• German "Khalidwe-kukhuta" dongosolo, amene amagwiritsa ozungulira mafuta zinthu 60 mm m'mimba mwake, wopangidwa mwa msanganizo wa graphite ndi mafuta chipolopolo graphite;
• Baibulo American wa graphite prisms hexagonal kuti interlock kulenga pachimake.

Pa nthawi zonsezi madzimadzi yozizira tichipeza helium pansi kufinya pafupifupi 100 atmospheres. The German dongosolo helium umadutsa zovuta mu wosanjikiza ozungulira zinthu mafuta, ndi mu US - kudzera ming'alu prisms ndi graphite anakonza pamodzi olamulira chapakati cha riyakitala pachimake. Zosintha zonsezi ntchito pa kutentha kwambiri chifukwa graphite ali kwambiri mkulu sublimation kutentha, ndi mankhwala inert helium kwathunthu. Hot helium angagwiritsidwe ntchito mwachindunji ngati madzimadzi ntchito mu chopangira mphamvu ndi mpweya pa kutentha kapena kutentha zingagwiritsidwe kwa kupoletsa nthunzi mkombero madzi.

Phula zitsulo riyakitala nyukiliya: dera ndi mfundo ntchito

Fast mathanki ndi coolant ndi sodium walandira zinthu zimenezi mu 1960-1970 a. Pamenepo chidakomera kuti luso lawo kubereka mafuta nyukiliya posachedwapa zifunika zopangira mafuta kwa mafakitale mofulumira ikusintha nyukiliya. Pamene zinadziwika kuti chiyembekezo ichi ndi zosatheka, changu chitachepa mu 1980s ndi. Komabe, mu United States, Russia, France, Britain, Japan ndi Germany anamanga mndandanda wa mathanki wa mtundu uwu. Ambiri a iwo ntchito pa ureniamu woipa kapena zosakaniza zake ndi nyukiliyazo basi woipa. Mu United States Komabe, kupambana wamkulu anali akwaniritsa ndi mafuta zitsulo.

CANDU

Canada wakhala lolunjika zoyesayesa zake pa fakitaleyo, amene ntchito ureniamu achilengedwe. Izi kumatha kufunika kwa iye amachita patsogolo m'mayiko ena. Chifukwa cha mfundo imeneyi anali deuterium ureniamu riyakitala (CANDU). Kupsa ndi yozizira zinabala madzi katundu. Kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya riyakitala nyukiliya ntchito thanki ndi ozizira D ₂ O pa kuthamanga mumlengalenga. Yogwira m'dera chinamulowerera machubu a zirconium aloyi mafuta a ureniamu zachilengedwe, amene amazungulira yozizira madzi ake katundu. Magetsi amapangidwa ndi kugawa kutentha kutengerapo mu coolant lolemera madzi, amene akufalitsa kudzera jenereta ndi nthunzi. The nthunzi mu kuzungulira sekondale kukufika ochiritsira chopangira mphamvu mkombero.

maofesi kafukufuku

Pakuti kafukufuku riyakitala nyukiliya zambiri ntchito mfundo zomwe lili mu ntchito zinthu madzi kuzirala ndi mbale mu ureniamu mafuta misonkhano mawonekedwe. Angathe kugwira ntchito mu osiyanasiyana milingo mphamvu yochokera kilowatts mazana ochepa megawatts. Popeza mphamvu za si cholinga chachikulu cha makina amene kafukufuku, iwo yodziwika ndi mphamvu matenthedwe kwaiye, ndi osalimba a pachimake neutrons mphamvu mwadzina. Ndi magawo amenewa angathandize kuti kuchuluka kwa luso la riyakitala kafukufuku kuchita maphunziro enieni. kachitidwe Low-mphamvu amakonda ntchito pa yunivesite ndi ntchito maphunziro, ndi mphamvu mkulu chofunika Laboratories cofufuzila kudziyesa zipangizo ndi makhalidwe komanso kufufuza ambiri.

Ambiri kafukufuku riyakitala nyukiliya, dongosolo ndi mfundo za ntchito ili. Malo yogwira ili pansi pa lalikulu kwambiri dziwe la madzi. Izi facilitates kuonetsetsa ndi njira Kugawilidwa kwanthaka imene matabwa nyutironi angathe kuwatsogolera. Misinkhu mphamvu otsika palibe kufunika kutulutsa coolant, kuti tikhale otetezeka zikugwira ntchito boma la convection chilengedwe cha coolant zipangitsa yokwanira kutentha madyaidya ndikuledzera. Kutentha exchanger nthawi ili padziko kapena mu kumtunda kwa dziwe kumene madzi otentha ndi anasonkhanitsa.

chombo unsembe

Choyambirira ndi zapulaimale ntchito ya nyukiliya ndi ntchito zawo sitima zankhondo. ntchito yawo yaikulu ndi kuti, mosiyana kachitidwe malasha mafuta kuyaka kwa magetsi iwo popanda mpweya. Choncho, sitima zapamadzi nyukiliya kukhalabe adalowetsedwa kwa nthawi yaitali, ndi ochiritsira dizilo-magetsi sitima zapamadzi ayenera nthawi adzauka pamwamba, kuthamanga Motors awo mpweya. mphamvu nyukiliya amapereka njira mwayi Navy zombo. Zikomo kwa iye, palibe kufunika imafunika kuthiridwa mafuta mu madoko yachilendo kapena ku mathanki mosavuta osatetezeka.

Mfundo ntchito ya riyakitala nyukiliya pa sitima zapamadzi ndi wachinsinsi. Komabe, ndinadziwa kuti USA limagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri Unakhala ureniamu, ndi deceleration ndi kuzirala ndi kuwala madzi. kamangidwe ka woyamba riyakitala sitima zapamadzi nyukiliya USS Nautilus anali kwambiri ndi makhazikitsidwe wamphamvu kafukufuku. Mbali yake yapadera ndi lalitali kwambiri reactivity malire, kupereka yaitali nthawi ya opaleshoni popanda refueling ndi luso Chisudzulo Chikuwononga pambuyo akuwerengabe. Mphamvu siteshoni mu sitima zankhondo ayenera kukhala chete kwambiri, poopa. Kukumana ndi zosowa za magulu osiyanasiyana a sitima zankhondo zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana za zomera mphamvu akhazikitsidwa.

US Navy pa ndege onyamula ntchito riyakitala nyukiliya, mfundo ya chimene amakhulupirira kuti anaitenga ku sitima zankhondo waukulu. Mwatsatanetsatane mmene ntchito yomanga awo ndipo si zafalitsidwa.

Kuwonjezera pa United States, sitima zankhondo za nyukiliya ali UK, France, Russia, China ndi India. Pa mayesero onsewa, kamangidwe sanali kuwuluridwa, koma akukhulupirira kuti iwo onse ali ofanana kwambiri - ichi ndi chifukwa amafuna yomweyo chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chawo luso. Russia ali ndi zombo yaing'ono ya Zombo nyukiliya, amene anakhazikitsa riyakitala chomwecho monga sitima zankhondo Soviet.

makhazikitsidwe mafakitale

Chifukwa cha kupanga zida kalasi nyukiliyazo basi-239 amagwiritsa riyakitala nyukiliya, mfundo ya chomwe mu zokolola mkulu ndi mphamvu mlingo wochepa. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti nthawi yaitali kukhala wa nyukiliyazo basi mu pakati kumabweretsa kudzikundikira osafunika ²⁴⁰ Pu.

kupanga tritium

Panopa chuma chachikulu kuchipeza mwa machitidwe oterewa ndi tritium ⁽³ H kapena T) - mtengo mabomba wa hydrogen. Nyukiliyazo basi-239 ali yaitali theka moyo wa zaka 24.100, kotero dziko ndi zida za nyukiliya kuti ntchito mchitidwe uwu, monga ulamuliro, ndi izo kuposa kutero. Mosiyana ndi ²³⁹ Pu, hafu ya moyo wa tritium ndi zaka 12. Choncho, kukhala kufufuza pangafunike kutero, isotope nyukiliya a haidrojini ziyenera kuperekedwa mosalekeza. Mu US, ndi Savannah Mtsinje (South Carolina) Mwachitsanzo, ali mathanki angapo, madzi olemera, imene chakudya tritium.

mphamvu akuyandama

Yopangidwa ndi nyukiliya, ankatha kupereka magetsi ndi nthunzi Kutentha zichotsedwa akumidzi. Mu Russia, mwachitsanzo, tinapeza ntchito kachitidwe kakang'ono mphamvu mwapadera kuti umalimbikitsa midzi Arctic. Mu China, ndi katundu 10 megawatt mbewu HTR-10 kutenthetsa ndi anayambitsa magetsi kafukufuku, imene ili. Development wa mathanki kakang'ono basi kulamulidwa ndi mphamvu zofanana akutsatiridwa mu Sweden ndi Canada. Pakati pa 1960 ndi 1972, Army US ntchito yaying'ono madzi mathanki kupereka zapansi akutali Greenland ndi Antarctica. Iwo m'malo ndi zomera mphamvu mafuta-mafuta.

kufufuza malo

Komanso, makina amene anali anaikira mphamvu ndi kayendedwe m'malere. Mu nthawi kuchokera 1967 mpaka 1988, boma la Soviet Union anakhazikitsa yaing'ono makhazikitsidwe nyukiliya pa "kosmos" makina kupereka zipangizo telemetry, koma mfundo imeneyi wakhala chandamale cha kutsutsa. Imodzi ya nthambi izi analowa m'mlengalenga, kuchititsa nyukiliya kuipitsidwa m'madera akumidzi a Canada. The United States anapezerapo yekha Kanema wina ndi riyakitala nyukiliya mu 1965. Komabe, ntchito pa ntchito zawo mu utumwi kwambiri danga, panali kufufuza maplaneti ena kapena pa okhazikika mwezi m'munsi kupitiriza kuphunzira. Izi ndi kuonetsetsa kuti riyakitala gasi utakhazikika kapena madzi zitsulo nyukiliya, mfundo thupi limene kupereka mwapamwamba zotheka kutentha koyenera kuchepetsa kukula kwa rediyeta lapansi. Komanso riyakitala malo zida kukhala yaying'ono ngati n'kotheka kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa chuma ntchito kutetezedwa, ndi kuchepetsa kulemera pa Launch ndi danga ndege. mphamvu mafuta adzaonetsetsa ntchito riyakitala kwa nthawi ya danga ndege.