Kachulukidwe lapansi. Kuphunzira dziko

The Earth ndi mbali ya chitetezo cha dzuwa, ili pa mtunda wa makilomita miliyoni 149,8 ku Sun ndi wachisanu waukulu pakati pa maplaneti ena.

A pang'ono za Dziko Lapansi

The mathamangidwe wa thupi lakumwamba mozungulira dzuwa 29,765 Km / s. Nayenso Full izo zimapangitsa masiku 365,24 dzuwa. Dziko lathuli lili pa Kanema wina. mwezi uno. Iwo makina lathuli pa mtunda wa makilomita 384.400. Mars ali miyezi iwiri, ndi Jupiter - makumi asanu ndi aŵiri. The utali wozungulira pafupifupi za padziko lapansi ndi 6371 Km, ngakhale kuti ndi ofanana ellipsoid ndi, pang'ono flattened mizati ndipo anatambasula pamodzi dziko.

Unyinji ndi osalimba a Dziko Lapansi

Imatha kulemera ndi 5.98 * 1024 makilogalamu, ndi osalimba pafupifupi Dziko Lapansi ndi 5,52 g / masentimita ^3. Pa nthawi yomweyo chithunzi pa kutumphuka dziko lapansi mwa 2,71 g / masentimita ^3. Kuchokera pamenepa, ndizoonekeratu kuti osalimba a Dziko Lapansi ndi kwambiri kuchuluka kwa kuya. Ichi ndi chifukwa matabwa ake.

Dziko loyamba pafupifupi kachulukidwe anatsimikiza ndi Newton, chomwe masamu kuchuluka kwa 5-6 g / masentimita ^3. mankhwala kapangidwe kake ndi ofanana ndi mapulaneti lapadziko, monga Venus ndi Mars pang'ono Mercury. Zikuchokera lapansi chitsulo - 32% oxygen - 30%, silika - 15%, mg - 14% sulfure - 3% Ni - 2% kashiamu - 1.6% zotayidwa - 1.5%. Mu zinthu otsala a ndalama ndi nkhani pafupifupi 1.2%.

lathuli - Blue wapaulendo danga

Kupeza Earth pafupi chikoka Dzuwa pa pamaso pa anthu kapena mankhwala ena boma madzi ndi gaseous. Chifukwa zikuchokera Dziko Lapansi osiyanasiyana, anapanga mlengalenga, hydrosphere ndi lithosphere. mlengalenga imakhala kwenikweni kwa mipweya, asafe ndi mpweya 78% ndipo 21% motero. Komanso mpweya woipa - 1.6% ndi kufufuza ndalama mpweya inert monga helium, Neon, xenon, ndi ena.

Hydrosphere ya dziko lapansili ndi madzi ndipo ali 3/4 a padziko. Earth - yekha kudziwika dziko mu dongosolo dzuwa lero lomwe lili hydrosphere. Madzi zatenganso mbali yofunika kwambiri zikamera wa moyo padziko lapansi. Chifukwa zenizeni zake mkulu makope kutentha ndi hydrosphere amakhala zinthu nyengo pa M'madera a zitunda osiyana, ndipo amapanga nyengo lathuli. Iye akuimira nyanja, mitsinje ndi pansi. gawo olimba a dziko lathuli wapangidwa miyala nyanja, lubwe ndi basalt wosanjikiza.

Kapangidwe ka Lapansi ndi matabwa ake

Earth mapulaneti ena apadziko ali ndi magawo dongosolo mkati. pali phata ku likulu lake. Pamakhala pakhoma, amene ali ndi mbali yaikulu ya buku la dzikoli, kenako matanthwe a pansi padziko. Aumbike pakati pa zigawo amasiyana zikuchokera awo. Pakuti nthawi ya kukhalapo kwa dziko lathuli, zaka zoposa biliyoni 4.5, ikakhala yolemera thanthwe ndi zinthu mchikakamizo yokoka atagonjetsa kutali ndi ku likulu la Dziko lapansi. zinthu zina, kuwalira, anakhala pafupi pamwamba pake.

Kuvuta ndi inaccessibility chifuwa

Munthu zovuta kulowa kwambiri mu dziko. Mmodzi wa zitsime zakuya mokhomerera pa Kola Peninsula. kuya kwake ndi makilomita 12.
Mtunda padziko ku likulu la dziko ndi makilomita oposa 6300.

Ife ntchito zida kafukufuku tikupanga

Chifukwa cha ichi matumbo a dziko lathuli, anayikidwa pa akuya ndithu, kupenda zotsatira za kafukufuku zivomerezi. Ola lililonse Lapansi pa mfundo zosiyanasiyana amapezeka pafupifupi khumi oscillations pamwamba pake. Pamaziko a zikwi okwerera zivomerezi akuchititsa kafukufuku deta kafalitsidwe pa chivomezi. Phokoso awa zimafalitsidwa mu njira yomweyo monga nambwibwi wa chinthu chosungunula. Pamene mafunde a likulowerera mu wosanjikiza ting'onoting'ono basi, liwiro lake zimasintha mwadzidzidzi. Gwiritsani izi ofufuza anali kudziwa malire a zipolopolo lamkati la dziko. Kapangidwe ka Earth, pali zigawo zitatu.

Pansi pa dzikoli ndi katundu

Chapamwamba chigoba cha Lapansi - ndi matanthwe a pansi padziko. wochindikala akhoza zimasiyana makilomita 5 m'madera zikuluzikulu ndi makilomita 70 m'madera a mapiri kumtunda. Poyerekezera ndi dziko lonse chipolopolo ichi monga wochepa thupi ngati eggshell, ndi patsinde ukukukuma mobisa moto. Kumatikumbutsabe za njira zakuya kunachitika matumbo a dziko lapansi zimene taona mu mawonekedwe a kuphulitsa mapiri zivomezi, chifukwa chiwonongeko chachikulu.

Pansi pa Dziko Lapansi - ndi wosanjikiza yekha chilipo kuti anthu azikhala ndi zofufuza zonse. Kapangidwe ka kutumphuka dziko lapansi pansi lonselo ndi nyanja zimasiyanasiyana.

kutumphuka Ngelezi lapansi ndi lofunika dera laling'ono kwambiri padziko lapansi, koma ali ndi dongosolo zovuta zambiri. Ndi zizindikiro nyanja wosanjikiza akunja lubwe ndi basalt zigawo za pansi. The kutumphuka chokhala naye nthaŵi yaitali miyala, amene m'badwo zaka biliyoni zaka ziwiri.

Oceanic kutumphuka wowonda, asanu okha makilomita, ndi limapangidwa zigawo ziwiri: m'munsi ndi chapamwamba nyanja basalt. M'badwo wa Mitundu zikuluzikulu chiyani musalumphe zaka 150 miliyoni. Mu wosanjikiza zimenezi, akhoza kukhalapo.

Chobvala ndi zimene tikudziwa izo

Mu kutumphuka wosanjikiza overlies otchedwa chofunda. The lolumikiza ndi khungwa ndithu zikuchepa chizindikiro. Iwo dzina lake Mohorovicha wosanjikiza, ndi angapezeke pa akuya za makumi makilomita. Mohorovicha malire Amakhala makamaka wa basalt ndi silicates amene ali mu mkhalidwe olimba. The kuchotserapo ena "matumba chiphalaphala", omwe ndi madzi.

The makulidwe a pakhoma - pafupifupi zikwi zitatu makilomita. zigawo yemweyo anapezeka pa maplaneti ena. Pa pali kuwonjezeka momveka bwino malire velocities zivomerezi kuchokera 7,81 kuti 8,22 Km / s. chobvala lapansi lagawidwa m'zigawo chapamwamba ndipo m'munsi. The malire pakati pa wosanjikiza deta akutumikira geospheres Galitsina amene ali pa akuya pafupifupi 670 Km.

M'mene tingamangire kudziwa za pakhoma?

Mu malire m'ma 20 Mohorovicha intensively takambirana. Akatswiri ena amaganiza kuti pali ndondomeko metamorphic imene miyala anapanga ndi osalimba mkulu. asayansi ena anafotokoza kuwonjezeka lakuthwa mu zivomerezi kusintha yoweyula mathamangidwe za zomwe zili pa matanthwe ku ndi kuwala kwa mitundu ankawonjezereka.

Tsopano view izi amawaona kuti kudziwa za njira kafukufuku ndi zomwe zidzachitike mkati dziko. Lokha pakhoma Dziko Lapansi mwachindunji sikukudziwika kafukufuku mwachindunji chifukwa cha kwambiri kunama, ndipo iye sanabwere padziko.
Choncho, mfundo yaikulu iti akamagwira njira geochemical ndi geophysical. Ambiri, kudzera kumanganso magwero alipo - yovuta kwambiri.
Chobvala kulandira kutentha kwa pakati, kutenthetsa kwa madigiri 800 digiri 2000 pamwamba pafupi ndi phata la. Amaganiza, moti thunthu la pakhoma likuyenda nthawi zonse.

Kodi ali osalimba a chovala cha Dziko Lapansili?

osalimba a Dziko Lapansi mwa chovala ukufika za 5,9 g / masentimita ^3. Kuthamanga kumawonjezera ndi kuya ndi angafikire 1.6 Mill. ATM. Mu nkhani ya kudziwa kutentha pa chovala maganizo asayansi osokoneza ndiponso m'malo zotsutsana, madigiri 1500-10000 Celsius. Awa ndi maganizo ofala pakati pa asayansi.

The kwambiri pakati, otentha

Pakati pa Dziko Lapansi anatengedwa ndi ngale ya. mbali chapamwamba ili pa akuya makilomita 2900 padziko (akunja pakati) ndi pafupifupi 30% ya kulemera okwana dziko. wosanjikiza uyu ali ndi katundu wa madzimadzi viscous ndi madutsidwe magetsi. Lili 12% sulfure ndi 88% chitsulo. Mu pachimake-chovala lapansi kachulukidwe ukuwonjezeka zikuchepa nufikira za 9,5 g / masentimita ^3. Pa akuya za 5100 kukafika kuzindikira mbali wamkati, utali wozungulira umene uli pafupi 1260 makilomita, ndi kulemera - 1.7% ndi kulemera kwa dziko.

Kuthamanga pa malo a yaikulu zedi moti chitsulo ndi faifi tambala, yomwe kukhala madzi, ali mu chikhalidwe olimba. Malinga ndi kafukufuku, pakati padziko lapansi ndi malo ndi zinthu Superextreme ndi mavuto atmospheres miliyoni 3.5 ndi kutentha kuposa madigiri 6000.

Pa nkhani imeneyi, chitsulo faifi tambala aloyi si anasamutsidwa kuti boma madzi, ngakhale kuti limatsogolera mfundo zitsulo awa ndi wofanana ndi madigiri 1450-1500 Celsius. Chifukwa vuto chachikulu mu pakati pa misa ndi osalimba a Dziko Lapansi wautali kwambiri ndithu. Mmodzi decimeter kiyubiki zakuthupi akulemera pafupi khumi ndi theka makilogalamu. Ndi wapadera ndi malo omwe kachulukidwe lathuli ndi apamwamba kuposa ena onse pabedi lake.

Akulitse njira zonse zimachitika mwa dziko lapansi lidzakhala osati chidwi, komanso zothandiza. Ife zidzadziwika mapangidwe mchere osiyana ndi malo awo. Mwina zingakhale bwino limagwirira zivomezi kuti n'zotheka molondola kuwachenjeza. Pakali pano, iwo ndi osadalirika ndi kubweretsa kwambiri ndi imfa ndi chiwonongeko. nzeru yeniyeni kumatsika convection ndi mmene zikuyendera mogwirizana lithosphere, mulole waunikira vutoli. Choncho, asayansi tsogolo lidzakhala lalitali, chidwi ndi zothandiza ntchito anthu.