Kupezeka kwa purotoni ndi nyutironi

Pambuyo anatulukira kuti chinthu wapangidwa ndi mamolekyulu, ndi amene nawonso - kuchokera maatomu kwa sayansi ya nalo funso latsopano. Kunali koyenera kukhazikitsa dongosolo maatomu - kodi zigwirizana. Pakuti kuthetsa vuto limeneli anachokera Rutherford ndi ophunzira ake. Kutsegula kwa purotoni ndi nyutironi adakhala pa chiyambi cha m'ma lomaliza

E. Rutherford wakhala nkhambakamwa zimene atomu tichipeza phata ndi makina pa mathamangidwe mkulu wa ma elekitironi lapansi. Koma chimene chimapanga phata la atomu, izo sizinali bwino kwathunthu. Rutherford akufuna wa amanena kuti mu mtima atomiki aliyense mchitidwe mankhwala ayenera kukhala phata la atomu wa hydrogen.

amanena pambuyo pake anachitira ndi mndandanda wa zinthu zatsopano, zomwe zinachititsa anapeza purotoni adayikiza. Mfundo yaikulu ya amathamanga experimental anali Rutherford kuti asafe maatomu amaona Alpha cheza ndi ena particles sputtered ku asafe atomiki phata.

Izi zinalembedwa pa photosensitive filimu. Komabe, chowala anali wofooka kwambiri, ndi tilinazo filimu linali zazing'ono Rutherford akatswiri ophunzira ake musanayambe kukumana ndi maola ochepa pa nthawi yokhala mu chipinda mdima, maso awanga magetsi wochenjera.

Mu kuyesera, khalidwe kuwala kuda anatsimikiza kuti particles, amene adakhala wothyoledwa, mtima anali hydrogen ndi mpweya maatomu. The amanena za Rutherford, ndipo atatero chakuti anapeza chinali purotoni ndi, wapeza chitsimikiziro ake anzeru.

tinthu Izi Rutherford akufuna dzina purotoni (kwa "Protos" ndi woyamba Greek). Iwo ayenera kumvetsa kuti atomiki phata wa hydrogen ali ndi dongosolo ngati kuti ali pulotoni imodzi yokha. Popeza anapeza purotoni adayikiza.

Zamagetsi mlandu, ali positive. Mu nkhani iyi, quantitatively ofanana mlandu elekitironi, koma ali ndi chizindikiro zosiyana. Ndiko kuti, likukhalira kuti purotoni ndi elekitironi ngati aliyense bwino ena. Choncho, zinthu zonse, popeza zimakhala ndi ma atomu poyamba si mlandu, ndipo magetsi woyang'anira analandira pamene iwo anayamba kuchita pa munda magetsi. Mu Kapangidwe ka mtima atomiki wa zinthu zosiyanasiyana mankhwala akhoza kukhala akuluakulu angapo mapulotoni kuposa phata wa hydrogen atomiki.

Pambuyo anapeza chinali purotoni ndi ofufuza anazindikira kuti maziko a mchitidwe mankhwala maatomu wapangidwa osati wa mapulotoni, chifukwa akafuna kutulukira zinthu thupi ndi mtima wa maatomu beryllium anapeza kuti unyinji wa mapulotoni ndi mu phata la wapangidwa mayunitsi anayi, pamene lonse Unyinji wa phata la - mayunitsi naini. Zinali zomveka kuganiza kuti zisanu mayunitsi misa wokwatibwa ndi ena particles osadziwika wopanda mlandu magetsi, kuyambira mwinamwake ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana za purotoni bwino kuti kum'gwirira.

James Chadwick mwana E. Rutherford, anachititsa zatsopano, ndipo akhoza kudziwa particles pulayimale zimene ndege kuchokera beryllium atomiki phata pamene iwo amaona cheza Alpha. Kunapezeka kuti iwo alibe mlandu magetsi. Anapeza kusowa mlandu chifukwa chakuti particles amenewa sanali anatani munda mu atomu. Ndiye zinaonekeratu kuti anapeza chinthu chosowacho dongosolo nyukiliya.

Izi lotseguka D. Chadwick tinthu wotchedwa nyutironi. Kunapezeka kuti ali misa mofanana purotoni, koma, monga zanenedwa, alibe mlandu magetsi.

Ndiponso, anali experimentally anatsimikizira kuti chiwerengero cha mapulotoni neutrons wofanana ndi ndondomeko chiwerengero cha amafotokozera mankhwala dongosolo nthawi.

M'chilengedwe chonse zingaoneke zinthu monga nyenyezi nyutironi, omwe kawirikawiri chomaliza kusanduka Nyenyezi. Chotero nyutironi nyenyezi ndi osalimba kwambiri.