Asafe woipa

Asafe mankhwala amafotokozera ndi atomiki nambala 7 ili 5 gulu la dongosolo Mendeleev nthawi. Izi mpweya diatomic m'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino wa mokwanira inert. Mu m'mlengalenga, chimachititsa kumpanda atatu. Amafotokozera yodziwika ndi zotsatirazi limati makutidwe ndi okosijeni: -3, -1, 0 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Ndi mbali ya mankhwala ambiri. Limodzi ndi pabuka-bulauni mpweya poizoni (yodziwika ndi luso kukwiyitsa mundawo kupuma, kuchititsa edema m'mapapo mwanga pa woipa mkulu), ndi khalidwe lakuthwa, fungo Fungo lamphamvu lamankhwala - ndi asafe woipa. Ndondomeko ndi NO2. Molar misa 46,01 g / mol. Kachulukidwe 2,62 g / dm³. Kuwira mfundo 21 ° C. Pamene kusungunuka m'madzi amachitira ndi izo. The refractive index wa 1.449 (pa 20 ° C).

Asafe woipa amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu umagwirira mumlengalenga, kuphatikizapo mapangidwe Mpweya umene tropospheric. Imodzi, ndi lalikulu mpweya zoipa zopezeka ndi wapakatikati mu kaphatikizidwe mafakitale asidi nitric, amene amapangidwa mamiliyoni matani pa chaka. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa angapo oxides asafe (bayinare mankhwala zochita kupanga wa asafe ndi mpweya) ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni:

• Ine - N2O nitrogen oxide;

• II - NO monoxide asafe;

• III - dinitrogen trioxide N2O3;

• IV - NO2 asafe woipa ndi dinitrogen tetraoxide N2O4;

• V - dinitrogen pentoxide, N2O5;

• trinitramide N (NO2) 3.

Asafe woipa mosavuta liquefied. Yolemera kuposa mpweya. M'mikhalidwe yachibadwa NO2 osokonezeka (pafupifupi 1: 1) mankhwala colorless (dimer ake) N2O4. NO2 umagwirira ali bwinobwino.

Ndi kulabadira ndi madzi hydrolyzed, chifukwa awiri anapanga asidi (nitrous ndi nitric): 2NO2 + H2O → HNO2 + HNO3.

Mu zochita ndi mchere soda anapanga monga zidulo awiri awa: 2NaOH + 2NO2 → NaNO2 + NaNO3 + H2O.

Iye ndi oxidant amphamvu angathe oxidizing SO2 kuti SO3. Mu njira imeneyi akuchokera katundu nitrous asidi sulfuric. Sing'anga NO2 zinthu zambiri, kuphatikizapo mankhwala organic, sulfure, mpweya ndi phosphorous, kutentha.

Asafe woipa ambiri amapangidwa ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa nitrogen oxide mumlengalenga mpweya: O2 + 2NO → 2NO2

Zasayansi, NO2 anakonza zinthu ziwiri: madzi m'thupi asidi nitric kuti dinitrogen pentoxide, limene thermally linakwiriridwa:

2HNO3 → N2O5 + H2O,

2N2O5 → 4NO2 + O2.

Chifukwa cha kuwonongeka matenthedwe ena ku feteleza zitsulo amakonzekeranso NO2:

2Pb (NO3) 2 → 4NO2 + 2PbO + O2.

okusayidi The akhoza kupangidwa mwa kuchita nitric asidi (anaikira) zitsulo (mwachitsanzo, mkuwa):

4HNO3 + Cu → 2NO2 + Cu (NO3) 2 + 2H2O.

Mchikakamizo cha asidi nitric (anaikira) malata Kuwonjezera asafe dioxide, asidi malata kupangidwa ngati mankhwala ndi-:

4HNO3 + SN → H2O + H2SnO3 + 4NO2.

Ena magwero okusayidi N2O4 (IV) inkatchedwa kuti asafe tetroxide. Koma ichi ndi misnomer, monga mankhwala ndi dinitrogen tetroxide. NO2 alipo mu mgwirizano ndi colorless mpweya N2O4: 2NO2↔N2O4.

Popeza bwino izi exothermic, ndi ankatembenukira mbali ya NO2 pa apamwamba kutentha ndi pa m'munsi - kwa N2O4. Deamer akudutsa mu boma olimba pa kutentha opanda 11.2 ° C. Pa kutentha madigiri 150 linawola: N2O4 → 2NO2, ndiye 2NO2 → 2NO + O2.

Nitric asidi pang'onopang'ono akumasula NO2, amene amapereka khalidwe chikasu ambiri zitsanzo asidi izi:

4HNO3 → 4NO2 + 2H2O + O2.

Asafe woipa mosavuta wapezeka ndi fungo ngakhale pa woipa otsika, inhalation nthunzi ayenera kupewedwa. Buku lina angathe NO2 ndi fuming nitric asidi amene allocates NO2 pa kutentha pamwamba 0 digiri. Zizindikiro chiphe (edema m'mapapo mwanga) zimakhala pambuyo inhalation ya Mlingo oopsa a maola angapo. Pali umboni wosonyeza kuti nthawi yaitali kukhudzana NO2 pa woipa pamwamba 40-100 mg / m³ mwina ndichepe ntchito m'mapapo ndi azitaya zizindikiro kupuma. Mu maphunziro a asayansi ena anakhazikitsa kugwirizana pakati pa ndende ya NO2 ndipo mwadzidzidzi syndrome khanda imfa.

Asafe woipa aumbike mwa njira kwambiri kuyaka kumene mpweya ntchito monga oxidant lapansi.

Pa kutentha okwera, ndi asafe Chili ndi mpweya kupanga okusayidi nitric: O2 + N2 → 2NO, ndiye NO ndi oxidized mu mlengalenga kupanga woipa O2 + 2NO → 2NO2:

1. Mu mlengalenga ndende wabwinobwino ndi liwonongeke.

2. The zambiri gwero la NO2 ndi injini mkati kuyaka, zomera matenthedwe mphamvu ndi, pamlingo wamng'ono, zamkati mphero.

3. Gasi heaters ndi ng'anjo komanso ali magwero a okusayidi izi. asafe chofunika umayamba kumwetsa kuyaka mpweya anatembenukira kwa oxides asafe pa kutentha.

4. Mu mabanja heaters palafini ndi heaters mpweya komanso ali magwero a NO2.

5. asafe woipa kwaiye pa kuyezetsa mumlengalenga nyukiliya (pabuka mtundu bowa mtambo).

6. M'madera ena ulimi woipa ake pamwamba angafikire 30 g / m³.

7. NO2 amadziwikanso mwachibadwa opangidwa ndi bingu, mvula.