Umoyo ndi kapangidwe ka bowa wa. Avilable amanita

Pakati alipo asanu maufumu a chikhalidwe pa udindo wapadera ndi bowa. Ali mbali zachilendo zomwe iwo lapadera, achilendo koma chofunika kwambiri ndi zothandiza chilengedwe ndi thupi la munthu. Features ya kapangidwe ndi kugwira ntchito kwa bowa ndi tidzayesetsa kuganizira Nkhani kumvetsa ndi wapadera iwo.

mbali

oposa 100 a mtundu wawo a ufumu wa bowa. Ndipo pakati pawo mukhoza kukumana zosiyanasiyana ndi ndondomeko okwanira:

• saprophytes;
• majeremusi;
• symbionts.

M'munsi unicellular ndi multicellular zamoyo deta apamwamba nyumba zili ponseponse mu chikhalidwe ndi zatenga malo lalikulu mu dongosolo organic dziko. Musaiwale bowa ndi anthu, monga zamoyo kuti adalowa nawo, kunja osati kokha, komanso pa mlingo ma, mkati (parasitic bowa, candida).

A udindo waukulu m'miyoyo ya anthu limatithandiza Basidiomycetes osankhidwa mwapadera, kapena blewits. Ndipotu, ambiri a iwo - ndi mitundu edible ntchito ndi anthu ngati lofunika zakudya mankhwala kwa zaka zambiri.

Kuyambira mfundo zamoyo view, tiyenera mwapadera ndi kapangidwe ka bowa, amene amagwiritsa ntchito makhalidwe ofanana monga ndi zomera ndi nyama zamoyo. Ngakhale kunja ndi zambiri pafupi ufumu mbewu. Nthawi zambiri, bowa ndi wosavuta dera dongosolo, ngati unicellular chamoyo, tichipeza hyphae noncellular mycelium ndi sporangia ndi spores. Ngati tikulankhula oimira apamwamba, pamene mbali structural ali motere:

• mycelium (mycelium) - mobisa mbali;
• hyphae imachitika mu gawo mlengalenga kupanga zipatso thupi;
• mwendo;
• chipewa.

Pali anthu amene mtanda pakati pa bowa m'munsi ndi apamwamba mu kapangidwe ndi moyo.

Gawo

Modern taxonomy ali 7 makalasi lalikulu ophatikizana m'magulu atatu. Kapangidwe ndi umoyo wa bowa lililonse ndi makhalidwe awo ndi katundu. Tiyeni tione iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

Phycomycetes

Ambiri zamoyo izi - ndi parasitic ndi mitundu saprophytic ntchito zomera, ufulu wa zinyama, chakudya, katundu wa m'nyumba. Zikuphatikizapo magulu atatu:

• Chytridiomycota - okhala madzi ndi mchere. Parasitic pa algae akhoza kudya saprotrophic decomposing amakhalabe zomera ndi nyama zimakhala. Akuimira dongosolo tating'ono. Features ya kapangidwe ka mtundu wa bowa - maselo ndi zophuka angapo - rizomitselii akutumikira ubwenzi gawo lapansi, komanso ngati kusuntha mu ndime madzi. Oimira chytrid, monoblefarisovye, spizellomitsetovye, zamoyo rizofidievye.
• Oomycetes - majeremusi oopsa kwambiri a zomera apamwamba, komanso mawonekedwe madzi nkhungu. Kapangidwe ukufanizidwa ndi bowa mycelium multicore si ma, kubalana amapezeka kupita zoospores. Kukhalapo kwa mapadi mpanda selo zikusonyeza moyandikana ndi zomera Pamlingo kuposa bowa ena. Oimira Phytophthora, peronospory ndi ena. Osati chifukwa lawola ziwalo za zomera, komanso matenda a moyo m'madzi, nthawi zina kuwononga mbewu yonse.
• Zygomycetes - okhala dothi ndi mpweya, unicellular njira yovuta. More Tikambirana zitsanzo za woimira yowala - Mucor.
• Gifohitridiomitsety - mitundu wapakatikati ya kapangidwe ndi njira ya moyo pakati pa Oomycetes ndi Chytridiomycetes.

Eumitsety

gulu zambiri otukuka njira zapamwamba za magulu atatu:

• Ascomycetes - wapatali mankhwala mchitidwe bowa. Kumanga zikutanthauza mycelium, multicellular, septate ndipo ndithu wotukuka kwambiri. Monga dzina lake (marsupials), bowa ndalandira kwa matumba pachiyambi, recess kapena asci, amene okhwima spores kugonana - ascospores. Kapangidwe ka hyphae ndi kupezeka pa malekezero a amene anapanga conidia nawo kubalana. Oimira yisiti Penicillium, Aspergillus, ndi ena. Ndimayamikira chakuti mitundu ndi kupereka mankhwala.
• Deuteromycetes, kapena bowa ungwiro. oimira ambiri a mtundu candida udindo imene imapangitsa dzina lofanana ndi matenda anthu ndi nyama. Anagunda zimakhala ndi ziwalo. Iwo alibe zimaswana izi psevdostrukturu yekha. Chulukanani, kupanga chlamydospores.
• Basidiomycetes kapena mtundu shlyapochnye. Kapangidwe ka kalasi bowa tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane m'munsimu.

Kufanana ndi zamoyo zina

Kapangidwe ka maselo a zomera, nyama, bowa, ali zingapo zochititsa ofanana. Choncho komabe tinaganiza ngati kuonetsetsa lake mu funso mu ufumu osiyana kapena akadali kuphatikiza ndi zomera ndi nyama.

Chinthu kuti pali zifukwa limene bowa ndi ofanana ndi a zomera:

1. Mphamvu kukula malire mu moyo.
2. maselo Fungal ndi zipupa wandiweyani khungu, komanso zomera.
3. njira kubalana ofanana: mwa spores ndi zigawo mycelia, kuti ndi vegetatively.
4. Kulephera kusamukira ku malo.
5. Mayamwidwe njira zakudya mayamwidwe.

Komabe, mosiyana ndi anthu amene ali pa malo awa amaona bowa kuti m'munsi zomera ayenera angapo umboni wa osachepera kufanana kwa zamoyo izi nyama:

1. Mpanda selo lili polysaccharides - chitin. Ngakhale nkhani yofanana imagwiritsidwa exoskeleton wa nkhanu ndi ena tizilombo.
2. The mankhwala kagayidwe kachakudya wa bowa apezeka kuda asidi uric.
3. Reserve zakudya zomera zimenezi - glycogen, komanso anthu.
4. Mwa njira ya mayamwidwe zakudya ndi zamoyo heterotrophic akhala wapezeka wotchedwa chlorophyll maselo awo.

Choncho, n'zoonekeratu kuti bowa onse - ichi ndi ufumu osiyana, ndi mbali yake yeniyeni.

Kapangidwe ka mafangasi selo

Kufanana pamwamba ndi kusiyana ndi zamoyo zina zamoyo anasonyeza mu dongosolo mu mlingo wocheperako ma. Mwachitsanzo, selo mafangasi angapo mbali zotsatirazi:

1. Kunjaku, ndi wosiyana ndi khoma selo zomera. Komabe, zinthu zomwe ndi gawo la nyumba imeneyi zikusonyeza kuti pali kufanana kwambiri ndi nyama. Zigawo: chitin (mu Mitundu ina ya mapadi), glycan, polysaccharides, monosaccharides, heteropolymers. M'kupita kwa nthawi, nyumba imeneyi akhoza ossify, wambirimbiri kashiamu oxalate mchere, ndiyeno kunja mycelium thupi olimba chokhala mbewu tsinde. Nthawi zina, khoma selo yokutidwa ndi amatope kunja.
2. Chotsatira ndi dongosolo muyezo wa Kakhungu plasma - madzi-zithunzi mapangidwe ongokhala bilipidnogo wosanjikiza ndi kubowola ndi mapuloteni ophatikizidwa ya ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Kakhungu ntchito ndi amodzi mwa zamoyo apamwamba - kuonetsetsa udakali chabe zoyendera mu chipinda ndipo mwa izo.
3. Pansi plasmalemma ili protoplast kupanga vacuole, phata ndi nucleoli hyaloplasm cytoplasm ndi organelles.
4. Vacuole ndi kuyamwa selo - izo ndi kufanana Mtheradi ku selo mbewu. Pa mlingo zosintha moyo ndi kukula kwa nyumba deta. Mu selo wamkulu ali yaikulu parietal vacuole anadzazidwa ndi yankho munali polyphosphates, chakudya, zakudya organic mamolekyulu.
5. Phata ndi nucleolus zambiri zikupezeka buku limodzi. Ili pafupi ndi mzinda wa khungu ndi kutumikira kwa osunga ndi kufalitsa uthengawu ku maselo mawonekedwe a mamolekyulu mkati asidi (DNA, RNA). N'zochititsa chidwi kapangidwe ka maselo a bowa kuti pachimake ndi kugawa ndi mitosis kawiri, koma osati nthawi yomweyo kugwera maselo awiri yopingasa constriction. Choncho patapita nthawi mu dongosolo bowa angathe kuonedwa ndi trinuclear wapawiri pakati mapangidwe.
6. Bwaloli hyaloplasm cytoplasm ndi selo organelles. The madzi sing'anga kusungunuka chakudya anakonza kulolerana glycogen kukula microfilaments, maselo anapanga cytoskeleton. Ndi organelles monga mitochondria, ribosomes, dictyosomes. Akulankhula za mbali ya kapangidwe ka bowa, ndi ponena lomasomah ofunika. Izi ng'ombe translucent, amene ntchito si mpemphero.

Choncho, selo ya bowa ali kufanana ndi onse nyama ndi zomera. Komabe, kumaphatikizapo ndi mbali pang'ono yeniyeni.

Unicellular bowa: Mucor

Oimira mtundu anawona, mwina onse. White fluffy nkhungu limapezeka pa chakudya masamba ndi zipatso, stale masamba ndi nyama zimakhala - ndi bowa wa mtundu Mucor kalasi Zygomycota.

Kunja, kuti apoyera kuyang'ana fluffy pamanja. Pa nthawi, darkens ndipo bluish, imvi. Izi zidzachitika kusasitsa wa spores mu sporangia, kumene nkhungu wakhala okhwima ndi kukonzekera kubalana.

Nkhungu bowa Mucor kapangidwe ndi wosavuta. Choyamba, lonse la izo - limodzi lalikulu kapangidwe selo, ndipo unicellular. Monga mycelium - ndi Mipikisano pachimake, koma wopanda mpanda, kwambiri nthambi. Wina ali yense sakugawana kuganiza nawo multicellular chamoyo, koma izo siziri.

The hyphae wa bowa kukula vertically upwardly ndi aumbike pa mapeto sporangium, akalumikidzidwa zambiri globular, mmene spores okhwima. dzina lina Mucor - capitate nkhungu. Kunapatsidwa kwa iwo chifukwa cha dongosolo ili ndi dongosolo la nyumba n'ngopatsirana kupanga.

Pambuyo okalamba maselo zing'onozing'ono litulukira kunja kwa sporangia kuphulika ndi kuyamba kudzimvera kumera mu mawonekedwe atsopano. Likupezeka, ndi ndondomeko kugonana - komanso umabala amatha kuumba Mucor. Kapangidwe ka ziwalo zogwirizana akuimira munthu kapena semitransparent mwawo malamulo zosiyanasiyana ogwirizana kupanga zygote. kenako iye amapereka Gifu latsopano ndi sporangium, umene uli thupi palokha.

Chotero Kapangidwe ka bowa wa sizikupanga izo zoipa kwa anthu. Kumene, mitundu ina zingachititse nyama mucormycosis ndi anthu, koma mtengo zabwino kalasi imeneyi ndi yaikulu. Mwachitsanzo, iwo ali opanga wapatali mankhwala - ramitsina. Komanso nacho mkulu enzymatic ntchito limachititsa kuwagwiritsa ntchito monga zikhalidwe yisiti sitata kupanga mitundu ina ya mizimu, tchizi ndi zina zotero.

Multicellular bowa: Basidiomycetes

kalasi ali oposa mamiliyoni 31,5 oimira osiyana. Pakati pawo panali monga tizilombo symbionts. Gulu chidwi kwambiri imakhala bowa edible, wotchedwa pileate. oimira amenewa a ufumu kulowa mogwirizana ndi matanthauzo opindulitsa ndi mizu ya mitengo, kupanga otchedwa mycorrhiza - ndi wandiweyani interweaving a mafangasi hyphae ndi chomera mizu. Kumene, choncho si onse oimira, koma iwo amene ali edible, mumaganiza izi.

blewits Avilable kwagona kuti multicellular anachita chifukwa thupi zina, amene ali mbali kanukanu. Motero, aliyense woimira amenewa ndi aboveground ndi mobisa mbali.

maonekedwe

Kapangidwe kunja imakhala ndi bowa kapu kupanga mosiyanasiyana, miyendo chipatso cha kutalika wosiyana ndi massiveness ndi mbali mobisa - mycorrhiza wopangidwa mwa mycelium hyphae ndipo pamodzi ndi mizu mtengo.

Mwina aliyense amene anayenda kudutsa m'nkhalango, anaona zokongola zisoti wosakhwima bowa peeking kunja intertwining masamba ndi pansi nkhalango. White, ofiira, achikasu, zofiirira, ang'ono ndi lalikulu, chonunkhira ndi mafupa okhaokhayo mwaikamo mnofu, chokoma ndi thanzi kwambiri - Zamoyo zimenezi akhala gawo limodzi la miyoyo ya anthu ndi kupanga gawo linalake zakudya ambiri a iwo.

Kunja, inu mukhoza kuona yekha fruiting thupi lokha, koma mbali structural wa amanita ndi ungadziwike ndi zobisika kwambiri kuwunika gawo ndi wamamamayikirosikopu.

kapangidwe thupi

Chitsa chipewa mycelium (mycelium) - izi ndi waukulu structural mbali oimira amenewa. Kapangidwe ka thupi la fruiting bowa ndi osiyana. M'malo mwake, iwo amasiyana kukula ndi mtundu, komanso zina za kapu ya. Mkati mwendo kuti chipewa - ndi wandiweyani interweaving a mafangasi hyphae osakaniza osiyanasiyana.

Choncho, phazi lili masauzande a thinnest ulusi, nsalu kwambiri mu angamulambirire. Pansi pa izo bwino mu mycelium ndi wabisala pansi. Ngati inu kudula bowa mosamala kwambiri, mukhoza kuona woonda woyera ulusi-ngati zokhudzana kuti kuyambira pansi ndi kukula mu chitsa cha mtengo.

Pamwamba, basi pansipa kapu ya, stipe ali ndi zotsalira za kuchepetsa wake kapena mitundu ina. Mbali imeneyi zimathandiza kuti kusiyanitsa mitundu edible ndi oopsa komanso kukonza ndi m'kagulu.

The kumtunda kwa thunthu korona kapu. Mu pali zakuti. Kapangidwe ka amanita kusiyanitsa edible mitundu chakupha. Choncho, kapu ndi mitundu iwiri:

• Laminated - akuimira mbali lamkati la mbale yaing'ono imene imakonzedwa ndi spores okhwima. Zitsanzo za zinthu volnushki, Russula, bowa.
• Chubu - anapanga timachubu, kuoneka apoyera. Data nyumba kupanga spores kubereka. Zitsanzo: bowa batala, bowa woyera, Aspen, chanterelles.

Chotero Kapangidwe ka kapu ndi sporangia otchedwa Hymenophore. Kunja kapu ataphimbidwa ndi wosanjikiza woonda ndi zofewa khungu, komanso mkati woimira hyphae. Iwo ali basi mumtundu, amene inu mukhoza kuweruza ngati bowa.

Kapangidwe ka mycelium ndi

Mycelium - mbali yofunika kwambiri, zomwe aumbike mwa bowa. Kapangidwe thupi hyphae, monga takambirana kale. Koma mycelium - ndi elongated maselo multinucleated wopanda inki iliyonse.

Iwo mycelium kulowa kudalirana ndi mizu mtengo amagwira pa mtengo mitseliynym outgrowths mchere ndi madzi. Pobwezera, bowa ndi Mpaka pa nkhani mbewu organic, zomwe zimachititsa kuti heterotrophs ndi njira yobweretsa.

Kapangidwe blewits zikutanthauza chulutsa spores. Komabe, mycelium anakumana zinthu zachilendo (chinyezi wabwino, kutentha) akhoza wokha kungadzutse ndi matupi atsopano zipatso. Choncho mycelium molimba mtima otchedwa chiwalo cha kafalitsidwe vegetative.

mikangano

Izi tinthu ting'onoting'ono kuti ali mu misa lalikulu la ufa wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi limatiphunzitsa kubalana wa bowa. Kuphulika kwa sporangia pa kapu, iwo anatola ndi mphepo ndi kufalitsa pa maulendo lalikulu. nyama zambiri kuti kudya bowa, sangathe kudya mikangano yawo, kotero linanena bungwe ndi chimbudzi mu chilengedwe. Apa mitundu tsogolo shlyapochnye mwayi woti moyo mu nkhani ya kukhazikitsidwa ndi kumera wa spores. The mawonekedwe, kukula ndi mtundu wa maselo odziŵika kwambiri bowa mitundu, mosagwirizana ndi kalasi ina.

Pomaliza, ine ndikufuna kunena kuti nthumwi za Ufumu wa bowa - ndi zamoyo kwambiri, zokhudza zachilengedwe zimadalirana lonse amapanga unyolo chakudya, mavuto mpaka kalekale kuti zamoyo, komanso kutipatsa chingatithandize kuti matenda ambiri.