Kodi chaka ndi amene anatulukira elekitironi? Wasayansi, anatulukira elekitironi kuti: dzina, mbiri ya atulukira ndi mfundo zosangalatsa

Mkangano za amene anatulukira elekitironi, komabe ulipobe. Paudindo ngati mpainiya particles pulayimale, kupatula Dzhozefa Tomsona, olemba mbiri ena sayansi kuona Hendrik Lorentz ndi Pieter Zeeman, ena - Emilya Viherta, ndi ena - Filippa Lenarda. Choncho ndani - wasayansi amene anatulukira elekitironi?

Atomu - kotero indivisible

Mawu akuti "atomu" tsiku ndi tsiku anadziwana ndi nzeru ena. Ancient woganiza Leucippus wina mu V m'ma BC. e. Ndinapereka maganizo aliyense mu dziko wapangidwa tinthu tina take tating'onoting'ono. wophunzira wake - Democritus anawaitana maatomu. Malinga ndi nzeru zapamwamba, ndi maatomu - "nyumba zingatipunthwitse" wa chilengedwe chonse, indivisible ndi wosatha. Kuyambira mawonekedwe awo akunja ndi dongosolo yozungulira katundu zinthu maatomu loyenda madzi - yosalala zitsulo - mano profiled, kupereka kuuma thupi.

The kwambiri Russian wasayansi M. V. Lomonosov, woyambitsa wa chiphunzitso atomiki-maselo ankakhulupirira kuti zikuchokera zinthu yosavuta corpuscles (molekyulu) popangidwa ndi mtundu umodzi atomiki, kovuta - osiyana.

Zamankhwala anaphunzitsa Dzhon Dalton (Man) mu 1803, pa zochokera deta experimental ndi kutenga muyezo woyezera kulemera kwa ma atomu a hydrogen anapeza wachibale misa atomiki ena zinthu. Atomiki chiphunzitso England inali yofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko zina zimapangidwira ndi sayansi.

Amene anatulukira elekitironi?

Ndi chiyambi cha m'ma XX kuti anapeza nambala deta experimental kutsimikizira kuchulukitsa kwa kapangidwe ka atomu. Izi zikhoza monga mmene photoelectric (hedzi, A. Stoletov mu 1887), kutsegula cathode ndi (J. Plucker, W. Crookes, 1870) ndi X-ray (X-ray B., 1895) cheza, mpweya wa poizoni (A. Becquerel, 1896).

Asayansi ntchito ndi kunyezimira cathode, anagawa m'magulu awiri: mmodzi ankayembekezera yoweyula chikhalidwe cha chodabwitsa, winayo - corpuscular. Zotsatira chogwirika akwaniritsa pulofesa wa Ecole Normale Supérieure (Lille, France) Zhan Batist Perrin. Mu 1895, wasonyeza kudzera kuyesera kuti cheza cathode ndi mtsinje wa particles zoipa mlandu. Mwina Perrin - wasayansi, anatulukira elekitironi?

Ilidi zikayenda bwino kwambiri

Wasayansi masamu George Johnstone Stoney (Royal Irish University of Dublin) mu 1874 analengeza kopanda wa apawokha chikhalidwe cha magetsi. Kodi chaka ndi amene elekitironi anatulukira? Pa ntchito experimental kukuchitika electrolyzed D. Stoney kumatanthauza kufunika osachepera mlandu magetsi (ngakhale zotsatira analandira (10 ^-20 cl) inali nthawi 16 zosakwana leni). Pulayimale magetsi mlandu wagawo 1891 mu Irish Scientist amatchedwa "elekitironi" (kuchokera Greek "Amber").

Patapita chaka chimodzi, Gendrik Lorens (Leiden University, The Netherlands) anakonza mfundo yaikulu ya chiphunzitso chakuti elekitironi, chimene maziko a dongosolo la thunthu ali apawokha milandu magetsi. asayansi awa osaganizira upainiya Nyerere, koma zofufuza zawo ongolankhula ndi othandiza akhala maziko olimba kutsegula tsogolo la Thomson.

Resolute wokonda

Pa nkhani yoti, pamene ndi amene anatulukira elekitironi, mainsaikulopediya momveka bwino ndi mosapita m'mbali yankho - Dzhozef Dzhon Tomson mu 1897. Nanga mtengo wa sayansi English?

Bambo wa pulezidenti tsogolo la Royal Society anali ankagulitsa ndi ubwana anaika mwana wake chikondi cha mawu kusindikizidwa ndi kulakalaka kwa zinthu zatsopano. Titamaliza Owens College (1903 - Manchester University) ndi University ya Cambridge mu 1880, ndi masamu wamng'ono Dzhozef Tomson anapita kukagwira ntchito pa Cavendish Laboratory. maphunziro Experimental kwathunthu chidwi achinyamata wasayansi. Anzawo taonera kudzipereka mosatopa ndi chilakolako chachikulu kwa ntchito yeniyeni.

Mu 1884, pa msinkhu wa zaka 28, Thomson anasankhidwa mkulu wa zasayansi, zikumuyendera Ambuye K. Rayleigh. Pansi pa utsogoleri wa Thomson Laboratory patadutsa zaka 35 kuti wakula mu imodzi mwa malo aakulu kwambiri a sayansi dziko. Choncho ulendo wawo Rutherford, Bohr, P. Langevin.

Chidwi tsatanetsatane

Ntchito pa maphunziro a cathode cheza Thomson anayamba kufufuza zatsopano anzake amene analipo m'mbuyomo. Pakuti zatsopano zambiri anapangidwa zipangizo zina zapadera kwa zojambula munthu wotsogolera labu. Atalandira chitsimikiziro cha zokumana quality, Thomson sanali kuganiza kuti kumakulabe. Cholinga chachikulu cha kuoneka mu kachulukidwe mtima yeniyeni khalidwe la cheza ndi tinthu awo constituent.

Latsopano chubu anamanga kwa zatsopano izi zinali mu kapangidwe kake, osati cathode mwachizolowezi ndipo mofulumira maelekitirodi (mu mawonekedwe a mbale ndi mphete) ndi kuchimwa voteji. Chakudya corpuscles amalandira chophimba TACHIMATA ndi wosanjikiza zonyalazo particles zinthu losonyeza pa amadza. Utuluke akuyembekezeka kusamalira kanthu ophatikizana a minda magetsi ndi maginito.

zigawo atomu

Anatulukira zovuta. Ngakhale kovuta kuteteza cikhulupililo cao, zomwe zili zosemphana ndi mfundo okhazikika bwino kwa zaka. Kukhulupirira nokha, mu gulu lanu ndi Thomson anachita munthu amene anatulukira elekitironi.

zinachitikira anapereka zotsatira zidzasintha. tinthu misa anali zikwi ziwiri. nthawi ang'onoang'ono kuposa ayoni wa hydrogen. Chiŵerengero mlandu kwa corpuscles izo sikudalira mlingo misa otaya, katundu wa zinthu cathode, chikhalidwe sing'anga gaseous imene kumaliseche kumachitika. Poti ndiye kuti akusemphana ndi maziko onse: corpuscle - Universal particulate nkhaniyo zikuchokera maatomu. Nthawi ndi nthawi, Thomson mwakhama ndi mosamala kufufuzidwa zotsatira za kafukufuku komanso kuwerengetsera. Pamene chikaiko chatsalira, nkhani pa chikhalidwe cha cheza cathode wa Royal Society. M'chaka cha 1897 izo watha kukhala indivisible atomu. Mu 1906, Dzhozef Tomson anali kupereka mphoto ya Nobel mu Physics.

Unknown Iogann Vihert

Dzina la mphunzitsi Koningsborskogo geophysics, ndiyeno University of Gottingen, wofufuza seismography dziko Johann Emilya Viherta, imadziwika mu akatswiri mabwalo Akatswiriwa ndi geographers. Koma bwino ndi thupi asayansi. Ndi munthu yekhayo amene sayansi boma pamodzi ndi Thomson, ndi anatulukira elekitironi ndi anavomereza. Ndipo ngati ife tiri kukhala enieni mwamtheradi, mapepala kufotokoza zatsopano ndi kuwerengetsera Wiechert inafalitsidwa mu January 1897 - miyezi inayi patsogolo pa nkhaniyo England a. Amene anatulukira elekitironi - ali mbiri chatsimikizidwa, koma mfundo ndi yakuti.

Pakuyenerera: mu palibe ntchito zake, Thomson sanagwiritse ntchito mawu akuti "elekitironi". Anagwiritsa ntchito dzina la "corpuscles".

Ndani anatsegula purotoni, nyutironi ndi elekitironi?

Pambuyo kupeza woyamba pulayimale tinthu zitsulo zosiyanasiyana pa kapangidwe mwina maatomu. Chimodzi mwa zitsanzo woyamba bungwe Thomson. Atomu, malinga ndi iye, chokhala ngati chidutswa cha pudding ndi zoumba: thupi ndithu mlandu interspersed ndi particles negative.

Mu 1911, Ernest Rutherford (New Zealand, United Kingdom) adati chitsanzo mapulaneti la atomu ali eg. Patapita zaka ziwiri, iye anaika patsogolo pa kungoganizira aliko mu phata la atomu ya ndithu mlandu particles ndipo polandira iwo experimentally, wotchedwa pulotoni. Iye analosera kuti kuli tinthu ndale mu phata ndi a purotoni misa (a nyutironi anapeza mu 1932 ndi British wasayansi John. Chadwick). Mu 1918, Dzhozef Tomson anamupereka m'manja zasayansi wa Ernest Rutherford.

Nkosafuna kunena kuti anapeza elekitironi ndi walola zoonanso pa magetsi, maginito ndi kuwala katundu zakuthupi. N'zovuta Musaone udindo wa Thompson ndi otsatira ake chitukuko cha atomiki ndi nyukiliya sayansi.