Glorious ukulu wa Theodoro Crimea ndi kutha movutika

More zaka zisanu pamaso Ubatizo wa Lazaro tawuni Doris, yomwe ili kum'mwera (lamapiri) gawo la Crimea Peninsula, linali likulu la Chikhristu chachikulu Black Sea dera limeneli. Kenako momuzungulira analenga wapadera wa ukulu wake mtundu Theodoro, omwe anakhala mpukutu lotsiriza la Ufumu kamodzi wamphamvu Byzantine, ndi mzinda wakale Mkhristu, anasintha dzina lake Mangup likulu lake.

Maonekedwe a kum'mwera kumadzulo ya boma latsopano la Crimea

Latsopano ukulu unakhazikitsidwa chifukwa cha kulekana kwa njuchi kale Byzantine, ili mu Crimea, m'manja mwa yaing'ono boma Greek otchedwa Trebizond. Ndi chiyambi cha m'ma XIII Constantinople kwakukulukulu anataya mphamvu yake asilikali kuposa ankakonda kutenga mwayi wina Genoese wabwino adyera amene anagwira gawo kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa pachilumbachi. Pa nthawi yomweyo m'dera sumalamulidwa ndi Genoa, popangidwa ndi boma palokha, lotsogoledwa ndi bwanamkubwa wakale wa Trabzon ndipo dzina ukulu Theodoro.

Crimea Chinsinsi anabisidwa kwa ife dzina lake, koma ife tikudziwa kuti munthu ameneyu a Feodorov mafumu kwa zaka ziwiri analamulira ku mzinda ndi anamutchanso ku ukulu utangoyamba kumene. Tate wa mtundu uwu - Theodore Gavras, Byzantine achifumu a Armenia, anafika pamwamba pa mphamvu, pasanathe zaka makumi awiri ali anakwanitsa osakwatiwa-handedly kwezani militias ndi kumasula kwa Trabzon kuti aulande wa Seljuk Turkey, ndiye anakhala wolamulira wake. Mphamvu anali cholowa, pamene chifukwa cha bwalo chidwi mafumu sanali anakankhira mpikisano wabwino wa mtundu Comneni.

The heyday wa njuchi kale Byzantine

Monga tanena, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XIII mu Crimea, m'dera osati olamulidwa ndi Genoese, izo anapanga ndi ukulu palokha Theodoro, dzina lake pambuyo mafumu akulamulira kumwamba. Akutulukira kuchokera subordination wa dziko monga poyamba mayi ndi bwino kusonyeza anawazunza wa agonjetsi ambiri, izo kwa zaka ziwiri, anakhala heyday cha Orthodox ndi mtundu wa kugombe la kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa Crimea chilumba.

m'gawo Duchy akutambasula pakati pa mizinda yamakono ya Balaclava ndi Alushta, ndipo anakhala likulu la Mangup linga wakale chomwe anachipanga kumbuyo m'zaka V. Kufikira tsopano, mabwinja ake kukopa alendo masauzande ambiri amapita lililonse nkhosa chaka ku Crimea. Akukhulupirira kuti yabwino kwambiri anthu nthawi ukulu anafikira anthu zana limodzi zikwi makumi asanu, amene pafupifupi onse anali Orthodox. Ukulu wa Theodoro Crimea ethnically inkakhala makamaka Ahelene, Goths, Chiameniya, Russian ndi oimira mitundu ina Orthodox. Iwo kulankhula mwa iwo wokha makamaka Gothic German chilankhulo.

Udindo wa othawa kwawo phiri ukulu moyo

Crimea ukulu Theodoro anali pothawirapo Orthodox Akhristu ambiri amene ankafuna amupulumutse kwa Aisiraeli Muslim. Makamaka, iwo anaona inflow kwambiri pambuyo adani a Seljuk Turkey mu Byzantium East. The Orthodox mchitidwe umenewu Mangup - likulu la Theodora, amonke anasamuka amonke phiri la Kapadokiya, looting ndi chiwonongeko cha adani.

Yofunika kwambiri mu mapangidwe ndi chitukuko cha boma ankaimba Armenia, amene anali mumzindawo a Ani, anakakhala Theodoro, pambuyo dziko lawo anagonjetsedwa ndi Seljuk Turkey. Oimira mayiko ndi mkulu mlingo wa chikhalidwe, othawa awa Polemeretsedwa ya ukulu wake zinachitikira zaka zakubadwa m'munda wa malonda ndi ntchito zamanja.

Ndi maonekedwe awo, anatulukira maparishi yambiri ya Mpingo Chiameniya Orthodox mu feodoritskoy ndi gawo Genoese a Crimea. M'kupita kwa nthawi, ku Armenia akhala gawo lalikulu la anthu a Crimea, Komanso chitsanzo maganizo ngakhale pamene kugonjetsa ake ndi Ufumu wa Ottoman.

Kukwera kwa chuma cha feodorites

Pakati XIII ndi XV m'ma limatchedwa golide zaka boma. Kwa zaka mazana awiri ndi ukulu Theodoro anakwanitsa kukwera kwa mlingo wokweretsa wa luso la zomangamanga, kulola kuti ndi nthawi yochepa akhala anamangidwira zitsanzo chapadera cha chuma, kachisi ndi mpanda wolimba zomangamanga. Makamaka kuyamika aluso, kulenga angaloŵe citadel, Theodoret anatha kubweza nkhondo ya adani ambiri.

Crimea Theodoro ukulu lotchuka ndi ulimi, makamaka viticulture ndi kupanga vinyo kuti azipita akutali boma. Ofufuza amakono m'phanga gawo ili la Crimea akusonyeza kuti pafupifupi midzi yonse iwo anapezeka kusungiramo vinyo ndi mphesa moponderamo mphesa. Komanso, feodorites ankadziwika monga wamaluwa aluso ndi horticulturists.

Communication Crimea boma ndi Moscow

Chidwi mfundo - ndi ukulu wa Fodor ndi akalonga ake anagona pafupi kwambiri ndi Ancient Lazaro. Ngakhale amadziwika kuti anali kuchokera m'mapiri a Crimea ochokera mabanja achifumu, omwe ulinso m'mbiri ya boma athu. Mwachitsanzo, banja boyar wotsikayo kuchokera Hovrina anasamukira ku XIV zana kuchokera Mangupa kwa Moscow oimira angapo Gavras mafumu chigamulo kumeneko. Mu Russia kwa zaka mazana angapo wapatsidwa kulamulira madera zofunika kwambiri pa moyo pagulu - ndalama.

Mu XVI m'ma pa banja anapambulwa nthambi awiri, anthu a amenenso chilemba mbiri Russian - ndi Tretyakovs ndi Golovin. Koma kwambiri kudziwika ife Mangupsky Mfumukazi Sofya Paleolog, amene anakhala mkazi wa Grand Duke wa Moscow Ivan III. Choncho, pali malo onse kulankhula za ntchito za ukulu Theodoro ndi olamulira ake mu mbiri Russian.

abale padziko lonse boma Theodoro

Kupatula Russia wakale anali ndi akadali angapo States, anali paubale wa zandale ndiponso zachuma ukulu Theodoro. Mbiri ya mochedwa Ages Middle umboni zikulumikizana ake pafupi dynastic ndi ambiri a nyumba za chigamulo cha kum'mawa kwa Ulaya. Mwachitsanzo, Mfumukazi Maria Mangupsky - mlongo feodorskogo wolamulira, anakwatiwa ndi Wolamulira wa Moldova Stefana Velikogo, ndi mbale wake anakwatira ankayembekezera kulowa ufumu trapezuntskogo.

Moyo wazunguliridwa ndi adani

Kuyang'ana mmbuyo mu mbiriyakale, mosadziwa funso: kodi yaing'ono phiri ukulu akhoza yaitali kukana agonjetsi ngati yoopsa monga Yedigei Chitata khans ndi Nogai? Ngakhale kuti adani anali angapo n'zosangalatsa kumva ukulu, iye sizinangolephera kukwaniritsa cholinga chake, koma, ndi zowawa zomvetsa katundu anaponyedwa kunja kwa State. Kenaka, madera ena a dziko anali pansi pa ulamuliro wake.

Orthodox ukulu wa Theodoro Crimea, ndi wina wa zidutswa lotsiriza la Byzantium chifukwa udani ndi Genoese Akatolika, ndi Crimea khans. Pa nkhani imeneyi, anthu ake ankakhala wokonzeka nthawi zonse kubweza waukali, koma kwa nthawi yaitali sangathe kupitiriza. A boma yaing'ono wazunguliridwa ndi adani kumbali zonse, amwalira.

Nkhondo ya chilumba cha ankhondowo Turkey

Ndinapeza mdani ndi amene ukulu Theodoro anali wopanda mphamvu. Zinali wa Ottoman, kwathunthu anagwidwa ndi nthawi Ufumu wa Byzantine ndi cholinga athu pa madera poyamba. Anali kulowa m'dera la Crimea, Turkey anagwira dziko mosavuta, a Genoese ndi khans m'dera anapanga atumiki ake. ima pamzere kunali Theodoret.

Mu 1475 Mangup - likulu la ukulu wa Theodoro, wazingidwa anasankha mbali Turkey, wosonyeza mphamvu yomweyo ya awo aang'ono, Crimea khans. Pa mutu wa asilikali a zikwi anaima Gedik Ahmed Pasha, amene n'kuti otchuka bwino kunkhondo m'mphepete mwa Bosphorus. Pogwidwa mphete wandiweyani adani, likulu la boma phiri kusonyeza kukana kwawo kwa miyezi isanu.

The denouement movutika

Mu chitetezo cha mzindawo kupatula anthu ake, asilikali mazana atatu adalawa, cholinga chake Moldova wolamulira Stephen Wamkulu, anakwatiwa ndi Mfumukazi Maria wa Mangup ndipo motero anali pa Theodora zimakhalira pachibale. Gulu la Moldovans anapita mu mbiri monga "Sparta mazana atatu za Crimea." Iye ndi thandizo la m'deralo anakwanitsa kugonjetsa Ottoman osankhika nyumba - ndi Regiment wa Janissaries. Koma chifukwa cha ukulu n'zosangalatsa kumva za zotsatira mdani anali zosachita mapeto.

Pambuyo chodzikanira yaitali Mangup akadali m'manja mwa adani. Atalephera Mokhumbira nkhondo lotseguka, Turkey anadza machenjerero kutsimikiziridwa - kutseka njira yonse yobereka chakudya, iwo anatenga mzinda ndi linga lake likuvutika ndi njala. Okhalamo zikwi khumi ndi zisanu hafu ya likulu posakhalitsa kuwonongedwa, ndi ena akapolo.

ana feodorites

Kale pambuyo anagwa Mangup ndipo anakhazikitsa ulamuliro Ottoman, ngakhale kwa zaka zingapo anakhalabe madera Orthodox padziko lapansi kumene ukulu Theodoro patsogolo. Tsoka pano, osauka iwo ambiri akachisi kale anamangapo ndi mchitidwe umenewu, koma sakakamiza kusiya chipembedzo cha makolo awo. Mbadwa za anthu amene poyamba lokhalamo iwo kumizidwa mu boma anaiwalika anatha kusunga miyambo yabwino ya horticulture.

Iwo kupitiriza kukula tirigu ndi zamanja kuchita. Pamene m'zaka XVIII Catherine Wachiwiri, inalamula pa yosamutsa wa anthu onse Mkhristu ya m'dziko la Russia, motero mpaka kalekale nkhonya ku chuma cha Crimea. Atsamunda komanso kwawo latsopano wafunsira mabungwe awiri osiyana mitundu - Don Azov Agiriki ndi Armenia.

aiwala kale

Ukulu wa Theodoro, mbiri ya umene okha zaka ziwiri, lidakalipobe ake mzindawo kamodzi wamphamvu Trebizond ndipo ngakhale Constantinople. Kukhala phata lomaliza cha Orthodox mu Crimea, ndi ukulu kwa miyezi anakana alimbane a adani amphamvu ndipo anagwa pokhapokha yotopetsa mwayi kuti apitirize kulimbikira.

Izo zimayambitsa kukhumudwa kuti chintchito anthu opanda mantha pafupifupi sanali moyo kukumbukira m'mibadwo yanu. anthu ochepa mukudziwa ngakhale kuitana likulu la Crimea ukulu Theodoro. anthu amakono okhala m'derali, ndi bwino kuuzidwa za zochitika zozizwitsa, anachita izo zisanu ndi theka zapitazo. alendo Only kuyendera mabwinja a linga wakale, kumvetsera nkhani za iwo atsogoleri ndi kuwerenga mwachidule akufuna mu timabuku zawo zokongola.