Avogadro nambala: chidwi mfundo

Pa njira umagwirira sukulu kudziwika kwa ife kuti ngati iwe utenga Mole wina wa zinthu, ndi 6.02214084 (18) • 10 ^ 23 maatomu, kapena ena zinthu structural (mamolekyulu, ayoni, etc.). Pakuti mayiko ambiri Avogadro a nthawi olembedwa mu fomu iyi: 6,02 • 10 ^ 23.

Komabe, chifukwa Avogadro zonse (m'chilankhulo Chiyukireniya "anakhala Avogadro") Zoonadi ngati mtengo? Yankho la funso limeneli si mu mabuku, ndi azambiriyakale zimapangidwira kupereka zosiyanasiyana Mabaibulo. Kuganiza kuti chiwerengero Avogadro ndi tanthauzo chinsinsi. Ndithudi payenera kukhala matsenga manambala, monga ena chiwerengero cha "PI", Fibonacci manambala, zisanu ndi ziwiri (eyiti kum'mawa), 13, etc. Ife asamenyana kuti zingalowe m'malo zambiri. About amene izi Amedeo Avogadro, ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani, polemekeza wasayansi kuwonjezera iye anakonza lamulo, anapeza zonse anali adamutchanso ndi Chigwa pa Moon, ife samanena. Izi anali kale olembedwa angapo nkhani.

Kukhala enieni, Amedeo Avogadro anali sanachite kuwerengetsera la tinthu kapena maatomu mu buku iliyonse. Woyamba amene anayesera kupeza kuchuluka kwa maselo a mpweya ali buku anapatsidwa kuthamanga chimodzimodzi ndi kutentha anali Josef Loschmidt, ndipo izo zinali mu chaka cha 1865. Chifukwa cha zatsopano awo Loschmidt anapeza kuti mu umodzi centimeter kiyubiki mpweya aliyense zinthu zachilendo ndi 2,68675 • 10 ^ 19 mamolekyulu.

Kenako, kupangidwa ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha njira palokha mmene kudziwa Avogadro zonse, ndipo kuyambira zotsatira mu kwambiri a machesi, izo kamodzinso analankhula mtima kuli weniweni wa mamolekyulu. Pa nthawi, chiwerengero cha njira ali kuposa 60, koma zaposachedwapa, asayansi akuyesetsa kusintha zina ndi lolondola kafukufuku, kuti atchule tanthauzo latsopano la mawu akuti "kilogalamu". Pakadali pano, ndi kilogalamu amagwirizana ndi anasankha zinthu muyezo popanda matanthauzo iliyonse ofunika.

Koma ku funso lathu lija - chifukwa zonse izi ndi wofanana 6,022 • 10 ~ 23

Mu umagwirira, mu 1973, izo akufuna kuyambitsa chiphunzitso choterocho kwa mayiko mu kuwerengetsera monga "kuchuluka kwa mankhwala". Unit zofunikira kuyeza kuchuluka anakhala mol. Malinga ndi malangizo a IUPAC, kuchuluka kwa chinthu chilichonse malinga ndi particles yake yeniyeni ya pulayimale. The Kugwirizana chinthu sadalira mtundu wa zinthu, ndipo chiwerengero Avogadro ndi osiyanitsidwa kufunika kwake.

Chifukwa ndi losavuta kumva, tiyeni tione chitsanzo chilichonse. Monga tikudziwa kuchokera tanthauzo la atomiki misa wagawo 1 amu Iwo limafanana chimodzi akhumi misa ndi mpweya atomu ndi 12C ndi 1,66053878 • 10 ^ (- 24) gram. Ngati inu kuchulukitsa 1 amu pa Avogadro zonse timapeza 1,000 g / mol. Tsopano tengani ena mchitidwe mankhwala, mwachitsanzo, beryllium. Malinga Table misa beryllium atomu ndi 9,01 amu Timaona umene uli wofanana Mole wina ndi ma atomu a amafotokozera za:

6,02 x 10 ^ 23 mol-1 * 1.66053878h10 ^ (- 24) * 9.01 magalamu = magalamu 9.01 / Mole.

Choncho zikuoneka kuti misa molar numerically chikugwirizana ndi atomiki.

Avogadro zonse wakhala mwachindunji osankhidwa kotero kuti misa molar chofanana ndi atomiki kapena dimensionless kuchuluka - wachibale maselo (atomiki) kulemera. Tikhoza kunena kuti nambala Avogadro ayenera maonekedwe ake pa dzanja limodzi, ndi atomiki misa wagawo, ndi pa zina - wamba wagawo kwa kuyerekeza kulemera - magalamu.