Chiwerengero chachikulu ndi chiyani? Nambala yaikulu komanso zing'onozing'ono

Munthu kungophunzira kukhulupirira iye zala mokwanira kudziwa kuti awiri yaikuluyi kuyenda mu mphanga, ndi zosakwana gulu la phiri. Koma mwamsanga pamene iye anazindikira kuti nambala Pamalo (chiwerengero ali ndi malo makamaka mu mzere yaitali), iye anayamba kudzifunsa: kodi chotsatira, kodi chiwerengero chachikulu?
Kuyambira pamenepo, maganizo abwino anayamba kuyang'ana, mmene kuwerengera makhalidwe awa, ndipo ambiri Chofunika, kodi kupatsa iwo ndi tanthauzo.

Madontho kumapeto nkhani

Pamene ophunzira tikuuzidwa kuti mfundo choyambirira cha manambala zachilengedwe, m'mbali mwa manambala mwanzeru kuika madontho ndi kufotokoza kuti wamkulu ndi chiwerengero zing'onozing'ono - gulu la tanthauzo. Ndi Sizotheka kuti chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri kuwonjezera amodzi ndipo sadzakhala yaikulu. Koma patsogolo sakanakhala zotheka ngati si kwa anthu amene amafuna kudziwa tanthauzo m'madera zisamatero.

Osawerengeka chiwerengero zino, kuwonjezera mfundo nthanthi maganizo chifukwa tangoganizirani ndi CHOSADZIWIKA, analenga mavuto mwangwiro luso. Ine ndinali kufunafuna chikhazikitso cha ambiri kwambiri. Poyamba ichi chidachitika padera kwa magulu akuluakulu chinenero, ndi chitukuko cha kudalirana anaonekera mawu, ndi yaikulu chiwerengero, wamba padziko lonse.

Khumi, zana, zikwi

Manenedwe kwa manambala zofunika zothandiza, anapeza dzina lakelake.

Mu Russian ndi wamkulu komanso woyamba nambala yochokera ziro kwa khumi. Mpaka mazana a manambala zina amatchedwa ndipo maziko awo, ndi kusintha pang'ono mu mizu - "makumi awiri" (awiri a khumi), "makumi atatu" (zitatu khumi), etc., kapena zigawo za "makumi awiri ndi chimodzi", "makumi asanu ndi anai .. ". Kupatulapo - mmalo mwa "chetyredtsat" tili ndi yabwino kwambiri, "makumi".

Kumwambamwamba ziwiri manambala chiwerengero - "nainte-naini" - dzina pawiri. Ndiponso, kuchokera maina awo chikhalidwe - "zana" ndi "chikwi", mpumulo anapanga ku ma ufulu. N'chimodzimodzinso mu zinenero zina zofanana. Ndi zoona kuti mayina anakhazikitsa anapatsidwa manambala ndi kanjedza, amene anachitira ndi ambiri a anthu wamba. Ngakhale kuti ndi mutu zikwi ng'ombe akhoza kufotokoza m'mphawi wamba. Ndi miliyoni zinali zovuta kwambiri, ndipo chisokonezo anayamba.

Miliyoni, quintillion, detsilliard

Mu pakati pa XV atumwi France Nikolya Shuke udindo nambala kwambiri kwambiri, dzinali linali lingaliro dongosolo pa maziko a mawerengero ofala pakati pa asayansi Latin. Mu Russian, iwo akhala akukonza ndi kusinthidwa kwa chomasuka katchulidwe:

• 1 - Unus - Univ.
• 2 - awiriwa, zina kuti adzipeza (awiri) - awiriwa, zina kuti adzipeza.
• 3 - Tres - atatu.
• 4 - Quattuor - Quadri.
• 5 - Quinque - asanu.
• 6 - Kugonana - Sexten.
• 7 - Septem - September
• 8 - Octo - Octy.
• 9 - Novem - noni.
• 10 - Decem - deci.

Chifukwa cha mayina anali kukhala -illion, ku "miliyoni" - "oposa chikwi." -. Ie 1 000 000 - 1000 ^ 2 - zikwi pabwalopo. mawu awa, kutchula chiwerengero chachikulu, anayambitsa wotchuka seafarer Marco Polo ndi wasayansi. Kotero, zikwi digiri wachitatu wakhala zankhaninkhani, 1000 ^ 4 - quadrillion. Wina ku France - Pelletier - anapereka kwa manambala amene ali Shyuke "chimodzi mamiliyoni chikwi" (10 ^ 9), "biliyoni zikwi" (10 ^ 15) ndi zina zotero. e., ntchito mathero "-illiard". Kunapezeka kuti biliyoni - ndicho biliyoni, 10 ^ 15 - ma biliyadi, unit ndi 21 ziro - trilliard ndi zina zotero.

Terminology French masamu anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mayiko ambiri. Koma m'kupita zinaonekeratu kuti 10 ^ 9 Mu ena zolemba anadziwika osati mabilioni ndi mabilioni. Ndipo mu United States ayamba dongosolo limene mapeto -illion digirii pa milioni, ngati French, koma zikwi. Chifukwa, lero pali mamba awiri mu dziko, "yaitali" ndi "waufupi". Kumvetsa zimene chiwerengero akutanthauzanji dzina la Mwachitsanzo, quadrillion, ndi bwino kufotokozera digiri zimene a anamanga nambala 10. Ngati 15 - ndi "waufupi" lonse amawatenga United States, Canada, ndi UK ndi mayiko ena, kuphatikizapo mu Russia (ngakhale sitinali 10 ^ 9 biliyoni ndi biliyoni), ngati 24 - ndi "nthawi" anavomera m'madera ambiri a dziko.

Tredetsillion, vigintilliard ndi milleillion

deci anapanga detsillion - - Pambuyo nambala otsiriza ndi chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri mwa ntchito popanda chipangizo mawu formations - 10 ^ 33 yochepa lonse, kwa osakaniza a Akamva zogwirizana ntchito prefixes. Analandira maina zovuta pawiri ngati tredetsillion- 10 ^ 42, kvindetsillion - 10 ^ 48 ndi unformulated, omwe maina mwa Aroma ankalemekeza: .. makumi - viginti, zana - ndi zikwi centum - mille. Potsatira malamulo Shyuke akhoza kalekale kupanga maina ya zoopsa. Mwachitsanzo, nambala 10 ^ 308 760 otchedwa dutsentduomilianongentnovemdetsillion.

Koma zomangamanga izi ndi chidwi chabe ndi anthu ochepa - iwo ntchito mu kuchita, ndipo mfundo zimenezi eni samangika ngakhale kuti mavuto ongolankhula kapena theorems. Ndi chifukwa yamanga mwangwiro ongolankhula ndi chiwerengero cha zimphona nthawi zina ankachita maina sonorous kwambiri kapena akutchulidwa ndi dzina mlembi.

Mdima Legiyo asaṃkhyeya

Funso nambala yaikulu wobvutika ndi "chisanadze kompyuta" m'badwo. The Asilavo pali zingapo machitidwe chiwerengero, ena afika m'mwamba zedi: chiwerengero chachikulu - 10 ^ 50. Mayina a manambala kuchokera pa mtunda wa nthawi athu akuoneka ndakatulo, ndi onse ngati iwo anali tanthauzo othandiza kudziwika yekha mbiri yakale komanso akatswiri a zinenero: 10 ^ 4 - "mdima", 10 ^ 5 - "Khamu", 10 ^ 6 - "leodr" 10 ^ 7 - Vranje, khwangwala, 10 ^ 8 - "sitimayo."

No zochepa okongola ndi mutu chiwerengero asaṃkhyeya otchulidwa m'malemba Chibuda mu wakale Chinese ndi wakale zopereka India sutras. Mtengo kachulukidwe ofufuza asaṃkhyeya ukutchulidwa kuti 10 ^ 140. Amvetse izo tanthauzo mulungu: kuti ndi zingati m'zinthu dziko ndidzadutsa moyo woti ayeretsedwe zamoyo zonse, anapeza pa njira yaitali kwa kubadwanso ndi kupeza mkhalidwe atangoona wa nirvana.

Googol, googolplex

masamu A ku Columbia University (USA) Edward Kasner kuyambira chiyambi cha 1920s anayamba kuganiza za ambiri. Makamaka, anali ndi chidwi dzina sonorous ndi limaonetseratu kwa chiwerengero wokongola 10 ^ 100. Tsiku lina iye anali kuyenda ndi nephews ake ndi kuwauza za nambala iyi. Naini chaka chimodzi Milton adafotokoza Sirotta mawu googol - googol. Amalume tiri ku nephews ndi bonasi - nambala yatsopano, ndipo iwo anandifotokozera motere: unit ndi maziro ochuluka monga mukhoza kulemba, koma konse wotopa. Dzina nambala iyi anali googolplex. Pa kusinkhasinkha, Kashner anaganiza kuti uyu adzakhala nambala 10 ^ googol.

Kutanthauza manambala ngati Kashner anawona chiphunzitso more: sayansi sankadziwa kanthu ndalama monga masamu chitsanzo tsogolo lawo, iye anafotokoza mmene ambiri amene angathe kusunga mosiyana osawerengeka.

Anzeru lingaliro la wotchula geniuses pang'ono anayamikira anayambitsa kampani kulimbikitsa latsopano search engine. googol ankalamulira anali otanganidwa ndipo anali kalata inu, koma panali dzina limene chiwerengero cha ephemeral akhoza kukhala nthawi yeniyeni - monga magawo ambiri zedi.

Shannon chiwerengero chiwerengero cha Schiusa, medzon, megiston

Mosiyana ndi asayansi, nthawi kuthamanga kudutsa malire amene zoyikidwa ndi chikhalidwe, masamu kupitiriza njira kwa osawerengeka. A wokonda masewera a Chess Klod Shennon (1916-2001) wodzazidwa ndi lingaliro la nambala 10 ^ 118 - njira zambiri udindo kungachitike m'kati chimachititsanso 40.

Stanley Schiusa ku South Africa ankachita nawo limodzi la ntchito zisanu ndi ziwiri m'gulu mndandanda wa "Millennium Challenge" - Riemann kungoganizira. Iye pankhani yopeza dongosolo mu kufalitsa manambala yaikulu. Mu njira ya kulingalira anagwiritsa ntchito yoyamba ya 10 ^ 10 ^ 10 ^ 34, anasonyeza kuti luso ndi ndani ₁ akutsatiridwa ndi 10 ^ 10 ^ 10 ^ 963 - chiwerengero chachiwiri Schiusa - luso ndi ndani _2.

Ntchito manambala amenewa ngakhale woyenera alipidwa dongosolo kujambula. Gugo Shteyngauz (1887-1972) akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito mosiyanasiyana zojambula: N mu makona ndi - izo N mphamvu ya N, N lofanana mbali - N mu Triangles N, N mu bwalo - ndi N mu mabwalo N. Iye anafotokoza kuti dongosolo la manambala chitsanzo cha Mega - 2 bwalo, medzon - 3 bwalo, megiston - 10 mwa bwalo. Choncho zimakhala zovuta kudziwa Mwachitsanzo, yaikulu chiwerengero ziwiri manambala, koma ntchito ndi zedi lingamutsatire anapanga zosavuta.

Professor Donald Knuth adafotokoza muvi kalembedwe, imene ku- erection mphamvu anasonyeza ndi muvi, wochokera mchitidwe mapulogalamu. Googol Pankhaniyi amaoneka ngati 10 ↑ 10 ↑ 2 ndi googolplex - 10 ↑ 10 ↑ 10 ↑ 2.

chiwerengero Graham ndi

Ronald Graham (P 1935.), American masamu, mu kuphunzira Ramsey chiphunzitso kugwirizana ndi hypercubes - Mipikisano ooneka enieni zojambula matupi - kuti anayambitsa nambala yapadera G ₁ - G ₆₄ imene Powafotokozera chisankho malire, kumene malire chapamwamba anali angapo yaikulu ya nambala ankalandira dzina lake. Iye ngakhale asanaganize manambala 20 zapitazi, ndi deta koyamba anali mfundo zotsatirazi:

- G ₁ = 3 ↑↑↑↑ 3 = 8.7 x 10 ^ 115.

- G = ₂ 3 ↑ ... ↑ 3 (mivi mofulumira kuposa aliyense = G _1).

- G ₃ = 3 ↑ ... ↑ 3 (nambala = G ₂ mofulumira kuposa mivi iliyonse).

...

- G = ₆₄ 3 ↑ ... ↑ 3 (mofulumira kuposa chiwerengero cha mivi ₆₃ = G)

G ₆₄ G chikuyimira umodzi, ndipo dziko lonse chiwerengero ntchito mu mawerengedwe masamu. Linalembedwa m'bukulo. Aipereke kwa sikelo ndi sizingatheke, anapatsidwa kuti buku lonse la chilengedwe kwa munthu m'kukoma unit zing'onozing'ono voliyumu (a kyubu ndi m'mphepete mwa Planck kutalika (10 ^-35 m)), m'kukoma nambala 10 ^ 185.