Biospheric njira. The asafe mkombero m'chilengedwe

Mbali mankhwala ndi chiwerengero atomiki asanu ndi amaimira N (Nitrogenium). Dzinali - "Zot" - kuchokera Greek amatanthauza "lopanda moyo". mawu, matchalitchi a magwero ake anali akufuna mu 1787 Antuanom Lavuaze chaka, m'malo yoyamba "phlogisticated", "asokoneza" ndi mpweya "mefitichesky". Zinali ndiye kuti gulu la asayansi French, imene Lavoisier anali kutengapo mbali, chinkhoswe mu chitukuko cha mfundo mankhwala nomenclature. Ngakhale ndiye, anazindikira asafe katundu siligwirizana kuyaka kapena kupuma.

Malinga ndi Baibulo lina mawu "asafe" osati kungoti Lavoisier ndi anzake. Kumachitika kwambiri mu mabuku alchemical pa chiyambi cha Zapakati kufotokoza otchedwa "zitsulo nkhani zofunika kwambiri" ndipo anali zimachitika ngakhale kwambiri kapena zochepa, ndipo chuma "Alefa ndi Omega" zinthu zonse.

Mu chikhalidwe, asafe akhale nanu pamene yosavuta mankhwala a chilinganizo N2, ndi okwanira inert mpweya ndi wopanda kakomedwe, kaonekedwe, ndi fungo. Atatu anayi a m'mlengalenga tichipeza asafe. amafotokozera izi kumathandiza kwambiri pa moyo wa nyama ndi zomera. Mu zikuchokera mapuloteni, kuchuluka kwake ndi 16-18% ndi kulemera. Ndi mbali ya kapangidwe ka zidulo mkati nucleoproteins, amino zidulo, wotchedwa chlorophyll, hemoglobin. Maselo ndi nambala ya ma atomu asafe ndi 2%, ndi nusu misa ukuwonjezeka izi chigawo chimodzi kuti 2.5%. Mchitidwe N tithe chachinayi mu kufunika kwa zinthu zofunika umagwirira organic - hayidirojeni, kaboni ndi oxygen.

Kwakukulukulu asafe mkombero m'chilengedwe zochokera zochita mankhwala mu mlengalenga. M'gululi muli chogwidwa ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Komanso chiwerengero zochuluka ankachita ndi asafe kutenga zochita mankhwala biosphere lapansi. Main N2 mu chikhalidwe - ndi mlengalenga. Ndipo zomera mbali yofunika Ndipotu, iwo kuyamba asafe mkombero m'chilengedwe. The zomera za padziko ntchito zathu monga kaphatikizidwe mapuloteni. Monga zipangizo ntchito ku feteleza amene m'nthaka. Chitsime cha masoka nitrate asafe ndi aspirated ndi ammonium salt. Limagwirira akatembenuka chinthu chosavuta mawonekedwe kupezeka kwa kuloŵerera ndi zomera, wotchedwa asafe fixation.

Pali awiri kogwirizana asafe percolation limagwirira. Mu chimake choyamba, wina chiwerengero pa kukha mphezi wa oxides asafe. Sitimadzipereka mu madzi, zoyambitsa maonekedwe asidi nitric, zomwe zinagwira maonekedwe a ku feteleza nthaka. Mu chimake chachiwiri, pali mapangidwe ammonia. mabakiteriya ake n'kupanga ku feteleza, kaŵirikaŵiri inali ku muzu tinatake tozungulira wa zomera tuberous. More, limagwirira iyi akutchedwa nitrification.

Imfa mbewu kumabweretsa mapangidwe mankhwala ammonium. Pamwamba pawo ntchito mabakiteriya, wodziwonetsa iwo mu asafe nitrate n'kubwerera ku mlengalenga. Kukondetsa, nitrification ndi denitrification wa asafe - zigawo zikuluzikulu za limagwirira zovuta, onyamula asafe mkombero m'chilengedwe. Galimoto ndondomeko izi kuti pali kukambirana ndi asafe fixation ndi denitrification.

Asafe fixation kumachitika pamene mbewu metabolize mankhwala asafe mpweya, mu ndondomeko imeneyi nawo mabakiteriya ambiri ndipo cyanobacteria. The mankhwala a akukonzekera asafe ndi amoniya, ku feteleza kapena nitrites.

The asafe mkombero mu chikhalidwe ndi kusintha zotsatirazi akuchita nitrification wa fixation. Tsopano amoniya akudutsa mu feteleza komanso nitrites. Pa denitrification itha asafe mkombero mu chikhalidwe, ku feteleza kuwola ndinso kuti asafe. Yogwira nawo ndondomeko za kutenga Pseudomonas, mabakiteriya Bacillus ndi tizilombo tina.

Pa denitrification kumachitika intermediates angapo. Ofunika kwambiri a iwo - nitrous oxide, ndi mpweya woipa ndi wolimba.

Ntchito Yolalikira ndi phunziro lathu, tiyenera kumvetsa tanthauzo la mfundo kuloŵerera ndi mineralization. Kuloŵerera ndi ndondomeko ya kusintha kwa nayitrogeni zochita kupanga mu maonekedwe ake organic. Pansi mineralization amatanthauza organic asafe pawiri kutembenuza zochita kupanga. Muzikangana kuloŵerera ndi mineralization ndi zofunika mawonekedwe kutembenuka zinthu zimene zidzachitika asafe mkombero m'chilengedwe.

Kupereka lipoti pa nkhani imeneyi ambiri atagwira ntchito matebulo ndi matchati.