The projectile wa zatha ureniamu: chiyani komanso mmene ntchito?

Projectile ndi zatha ureniamu anakumana nkhonya dzenje chandamale, moto ndi decomposing mu particles ting'onoting'ono kuti kufalitsa mu mlengalenga. Pamene Mpweya kapena ingested ilowa thupi, kuchititsa kuwonongeka zoopsa chifukwa cha kutentha mkati ndi poyizoni heavy. kuipitsidwa nyukiliya lidzakhalapo kwa zaka zambiri, akusandutsa anthu kudela Hibakusha - akuvutika ndi bomba la nyukiliya.

Zipolopolo ndi zatha ureniamu, ndichiyani?

Ureniamu, amene anatsalira kuchotsa isotopes nyukiliya chuma wachibadwa, wotchedwa zatha. Ndi mankhwala zinyalala za mafuta nyukiliya zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya. Ntchito yake ndi 60% cheza koyamba. Dzina la nkhaniyo amapereka kuganiza kuti salinso nyukiliya, koma izo siziri. Zipolopolo ndi zatha ureniamu zingachititse kuipitsidwa kwambiri.

mfuti ili lalembedwa kubaya zida ndi mapangidwe zidutswa lakuthwa amene kuwonongeka ndi kutentha mkati cholinga. Ochiritsira detonating zipolopolo akupanga nyimbo kuti amaphulika pa amadza. Iwo apangidwa kuwononga magalimoto oti muli nazo zida, koma inefficient mwa mawu a mphamvu zowononga. Zitsulo mitima asalowe, kudutsa ndi nkhonya dzenje m'nkhaniyo lililonse limatisokoneza kuposa chitsulo. Iwo sali kungatisokonezenso kudutsa zitsulo zida za akasinja.

Choncho, chipolopolo linalengedwa ndi zatha ureniamu, okhoza kudutsa zida, kutentha ndi kuwononga chandamale mkati. Izi zidatheka chifukwa cha thupi katundu wa nkhaniyo.

Zipolopolo ndi zatha ureniamu: mmene ntchito?

Ureniamu zitsulo - olimba kwambiri. kachulukidwe ake - 19 g / masentimita ^3, nthawi 2.4 kuposa a ayironi amene ali ofanana ndi 7.9 g / masentimita _^3. Kuonjezera mphamvu mu izo anawonjezera 1% molybdenum, ndi titaniyamu.

Projectile Du amatchedwanso zida kuboola incendiary projectile chifukwa akuswa zitsulo chipolopolo akasinja, likulowerera, ndi bouncing kuchokera zopinga, wawononga adalira, zida ndi amayaka mkati njira. Poyerekeza ndi mitima zitsulo za kukula zofanana, omwe kachulukidwe poyerekeza ureniamu, yotsirizira akhoza kupanga dzenje chandamale nthawi 2.4 zakuya. Komanso, mitima ya chitsulo ayenera kutalika kwa masentimita 30, ndipo ureniamu - 12. Ngakhale yekha projectiles onse ukugwira ntchito chimodzimodzi mpweya kukana pa kuwomba liwiro otsiriza amachepetsa kupatula nthawi 2.4 kwambiri kulemera amapereka osiyanasiyana bwino ndi mlingo wa moto. Choncho, ureniamu munitions zingawononge chandamale mtunda mdani n'zosatheka.

zida bunker

pofuna kukwaniritsa ntchito lankhondo la zatha ureniamu - lalikulu zipolopolo otchedwa betonoboynymi kapena bunkeroboynymi amene angatithandize chitetezo konkire, pamtunda wa mamita angapo pansi pa nthaka, ndi kuphulitsa iwo, iwo kale ntchito nkhondo yeniyeni. Izi motsogozedwa zida mu mawonekedwe a mabomba ndi mivi sitima lakonzedwa kusokonezeka anaumitsa bunkers konkire ndi zolinga zina. Iwo ananenanso zinthu ureniamu, omwe zimalemera matani angapo. Akuti mabomba ankalankhulira anthu ambiri ku Afghanistan kuwononga al-Qaeda, kubisala m'mapanga phiri, ndiyeno Iraq kuwononga malo aku Iraq lamulo ili mobisa kwambiri. Kulemera ntchito Afghanistan ndi Iraq zida munali zatha ureniamu Akuti pa matani oposa 500.

zotsatira za

Kuopsa waukulu anafunsa ndi mivi ndi zatha ureniamu - zotsatira za ntchito zawo. Khalidwe lalikulu la mtundu wa yolimbanirana ndi mpweya wa poizoni awo. Uran-nyukiliya zitsulo amene limatulutsa α-ray mu mawonekedwe a helium mtima atomu ndi Popanga madzi a gamma kunyezimira. Mphamvu α-particles panamveka ndi iwo 4.1 MeV. Zimenezi zimathandiza bwino 100 zikwi. Elekitironi kumanga mamolekyulu ndi ayoni. Komabe, Alpha tinthu akhoza pochitika yochepa mtunda, ndi masentimita angapo mu mlengalenga ndi osapitirira 40 microns, lomwe ndi lofanana ndi makulidwe a chinsalu chimodzi cha pepala mu madzi kapena minofu anthu. Choncho, mlingo wa ngozi α-particles zimadalira mawonekedwe ndi malo kukhudzana ndi cheza - mu mawonekedwe a particles kapena fumbi mkati kapena kunja kwa thupi.

kukhudzana kunja

Pamene zatha ureniamu ndi m'chigawo cha zitsulo, Alefa particles panamveka ndi maatomu ake pa mtunda pepala pepala makulidwe, iwo sachoka, kuposa maatomu anthu panamveka padziko aloyi. Mipingiridzo masentimita angapo limatulutsa wandiweyani chabe makumi angapo a ppm kuchuluka okwana α-particles.

Zitsulo kwambiri akuunika Kutentha mu mlengalenga zokha uyatsa pamene izo ziri mu mawonekedwe a fumbi. N'chifukwa chake zatha ureniamu projectile kumenya chandamale, nthawi yomweyo zounikira.

Bola ngati mankhwala akhala kunja kwa thupi ngakhale pambuyo pa kutembenuka mu particles, si owopsa kwambiri. Popeza Alpha tinthu kuwola pambuyo mtunda wina wapezeka cheza mlingo adzakhala laling'ono kwambiri kuposa enieni. Pamene jekeseni thupi α-ray mukhoza kudutsa khungu. Cheza kukhudzana za kulemera adzakhala otsika. N'chifukwa chake zatha ureniamu imatengedwa kuti otsika mlingo ndi kuopsa kwake kawirikawiri saganizira. Izi ndi zoona Koma ngati kumene cheza gwero ndi kunja kwa thupi, kumene kuli otetezeka. Koma ureniamu fumbi amatha kulowa mu thupi, kumene akukhala mamiliyoni ambiri m'masiku oopsa kwambiri. deta lofalitsidwa akusonyeza kuti otsika mlingo cheza zambiri amayambitsa chisokonezo amuzolengedwa kuposa tima waudindo cheza. Choncho, kungakhale kulakwa kunyalanyaza kukhudzana ndi mwamphamvu otsika.

kukhudzana mkati

Pamene ureniamu yoyaka kuti boma la particles, izo likulowerera mu thupi la munthu ndi kumwa madzi ndi chakudya kapena Mpweya mpweya. Motero mankhwala kawopsedwe ake ndi cheza akumasulidwa. Zotsatirapo za zimene poyizoni zosiyanasiyana malinga ndi solubility wa ureniamu mu madzi, koma cheza kukhudzana kumachitika nthawi zonse. Chidutswa awiri a microns 10 adzakhala zimatulutsa wina α-tinthu mawola 2 okwana oposa 4000 pa chaka. Alpha particles kupitiriza kuvulaza maselo anthu, osalola kuti achire. Komanso, U-238 limawola n'kusanduka mu thorium-234, amene theka moyo masiku 24,1, wa Th-234 limawola n'kusanduka mu protactinium-234, theka moyo wa masiku 1,17. Pa-234 amakhala U-234 m'ma 0,24 Myr-moyo. Thorium, protactinium zimatulutsa ma elekitironi beta kuwonongeka. Patapita miyezi sikisi, iwo nakwaniritsa nyukiliya mgwirizano ndi U-238 ndi mlingo chomwecho cheza. Pa nthawi imeneyi, zatha ureniamu particles zimatulutsa Alpha particles, particles kawiri beta ndi Popanga madzi a gamma cheza m'munsili ndondomeko kuwonongeka.

Popeza α-particles Sizilowana mkati microns 40, lonse minofu kuwonongeka chidzachitika mu mtunda izi. Mlingo pachaka analandira gawo kuonongeka wokha wa α-particles ndi 10 sv, 10 chikwi. Times kuposa mlingo Kuchepetsa.

Vuto kwa mibadwo

Mmodzi α-particles pochitika masauzande maatomu asanathetse, embossing masauzande ma elekitironi, gawo la tinthu lapansi. kudzitsitsa awo (ionization) kumabweretsa DNA kuwonongeka kapena kusintha zimayambitsa mu dongosolo kwambiri ma. Pali imabwera amphamvu kuti munthu mmodzi yekha tinthu wa zatha ureniamu khansa chifukwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa ziwalo. Popeza ake theka moyo zaka mabiliyoni 4.5, Alpha cheza ndi konse kufooketsa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti anthu ndi ureniamu mu thupi poyera kuti poizoniyu imfa, ndi chilengedwe adzakhala awonongeka kosatha.

Mwatsoka, maphunziro ochitidwa ndi Organization World Health ndi mabungwe ena, musakhudze padzuwa mkati. Mwachitsanzo, Unduna wa za chitetezo limanena kuti si kupeza ulalo pakati zatha ureniamu ndi khansara mu Iraq. Research ochitidwa ndi WHO ndi EU, afika mfundo imeneyi. Maphunziro awa anapeza kuti milingo cheza mu Balkans ndi Iraq si zovulaza thanzi. Komabe, pali nthawi zina ana obadwa ndi vuto lobadwa ndi kufala kwa khansara.

The ntchito ndi kupanga

Itatha yoyamba Gulf nkhondo ndi Balkan nkhondo, amene anali zipolopolo ndi zatha ureniamu, mtundu wa chida, inali kudziŵika pokhapokha nthawi zina. Chiwerengero cha milandu khansa ndi khansa chithokomiro (nthawi 20), komanso vuto lobadwa ana. Ndipo osati okhala maiko akhudzidwa. asilikali anapita kumeneko, anali kuvulala thanzi, zimakambidwa ngati ndi matenda a Gulf (kapena Balkan syndrome).

Ureniamu zipolopolo zedi yaikulu ankagwiritsa ntchito pa nkhondo Afghanistan, ndipo pali umboni wa mpweya wambiri wa zitsulo izi mu zimakhala am'deralo. Iraq kale zakhudzana chifukwa cha nkhondo, kamodzinso poyera nkhani nyukiliya ndi poizoni. Kupanga zida "zonyansa" unakhazikitsidwa mu France, China, Pakistan, Russia, UK ndi US. Mwachitsanzo, zipolopolo ndi zatha ureniamu mu Russia ntchito makamaka zipolopolo thanki ku mapeto a 1970 ndi, makamaka mu 115-millimeter mfuti thanki T-62 ndi 125-millimeter mfuti T-64, T-72, T-80 ndi T 90.

zotsatira sizingasinthe

M'zaka za m'ma 20, anthu anapulumuka nkhondo ziwiri zapadziko lonse limodzi ndi kupha misa ndi chiwonongeko. Ngakhale izi, iwo onse anali mu lingaliro kusintha. Nkhondo, amene amagwiritsa yolimbanirana ndi zatha ureniamu, kuchititsa okhazikika nyukiliya kuipitsidwa zachilengedwe m'madera a nkhondo, komanso kuwonongedwa mosalekeza thupi la anthu awo mibadwo.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mabuku amenewa umawononga amapha munthu, sindinakhalepo nawo. Ureniamu munitions, komanso zida za nyukiliya tisakhalenso ntchito nthawi.

kupewa ngozi

Ngati anthu akufuna kuti ukhale ndi chitukuko zidalengedwa mwa iye, iye musankhepo muyaya kusiya ntchito mphamvu monga njira kuthetsa kusamvana. Pa nthawi yomweyo, anthu onse amene akufuna kudzakhala mu mtendere, sayenera kulola ntchito ya sayansi mu chitukuko cha njira chiwonongeko ndi kupha zitsanzo za amene ali zipolopolo ndi zatha ureniamu.

Photos wa ana aku Iraq akudwala matenda a chithokomiro ndi vuto lobadwa nalo, tiyenera kulimbikitsa aliyense kuyankhula ndi zida ureniamu, ndi nkhondo.