Hafu ya moyo wa zinthu nyukiliya - ndichiyani ndi mmene tanthauzo? Chilinganizo theka moyo

Mbiri ya kuphunzira mpweya wa poizoni anayamba March 1, 1896, pamene wotchuka French wasayansi Anri Bekkerel mwangozi anapeza chinthu chachilendo mu cheza cha salt ureniamu. Kunapezeka kuti mbale Zithunzi, anaika mu bokosi ndi chitsanzo aonongeka. Ndi zotsatira za mayiko okhala ndi mkulu ozama dzuwa, zomwe anali Polemeretsedwa ureniamu. katundu izi zimapezeka mu zinthu yakula, kumaliza tebulo nthawi. Iye anapatsidwa dzina "mpweya wa poizoni".

Ife timathandiza makhalidwe a mpweya wa poizoni

Zimenezi - mowiriza kutembenuka membala atomu isotope mu isotope osiyana ndi kusanduka munthawi yomweyo particles pulayimale (ma elekitironi, mtima atomiki ya helium). Kutembenuka maatomu anaonekera zokha, popanda kunja mphamvu mayamwidwe. Kuchuluka waukulu amakhala kumasulidwa mphamvu pa ndondomeko ya kuvunda nyukiliya, wotchedwa ntchito.

nyukiliya chitsanzo ntchito otchedwa Nkosatheka nambala ya kuvunda kwa nyemba pa nthawi unit. Mu cha SI (System Mayiko) unit wa muyeso ilo likutchedwa becquerel (Bq). Mu umodzi Becquerel anatengera ntchito imeneyi nyemba amene amapezeka pafupifupi 1 azingokhala pa mphindi.

A = λN, mmene λ- kuwola zonse, N - chiwerengero cha maatomu mwakhama chitsanzo.

Wakutali α, β, γ-limawola n'kusanduka. The maikwezhoni lolingana amatchedwa malamulo kuchepetsa:

dzina	Chikuchitika	anachita aone kuti pali
α kuwola	kutembenuka kwa phata atomiki mu X Y phata kumasuka phata la atomu helium	X Z A → Z-Y 2 A-4 + 4 2
β - azingokhala	kutembenuka kwa phata atomiki mu X Y phata ndi elekitironi kumasulidwa	Z A → Z + X 1 Y A + -1 E A
γ - kuwola	si limodzi ndi kusintha mu phata la, mphamvu anamasulidwa mu mawonekedwe a yoweyula mu atomu	X Z A → Z X A + γ

Nthawi imeneyi mu mpweya wa poizoni

Mphindi ya kugwa kwa particles sangakhoze anapereka atomu makamaka. Pakuti iye, ndi kani "ngozi" osati chitsanzo. Kutalikirana kwa mphamvu uliri ndondomeko, limanenedwa ngati ntchito za chitsanzo.

Iwo anaona kuti chingasinthe pa nthawi. Ngakhale zinthu payekha kuonetsa digiri zodabwitsa zonse pa cheza, pali zinthu amene ntchito amachepetsa kangapo mu nthawi yochepa. Amazing zosiyanasiyana! Kodi n'zotheka kupeza chitsanzo mu njira izi?

Iwo anakhazikitsa kuti pali nthawi imene ndendende theka la maatomu a chitsanzo limene likufa kuwonongeka. imeneyi ili nthawi amatchedwa "theka moyo". ndi tanthauzo la mawu oyamba mfundo imeneyi?

hafu ya moyo ndi chiyani?

Zikuoneka kuti nthawi wofanana nthawi, ndendende theka la yogwira maatomu yopuma pano nyemba. Koma kodi zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti pa maatomu zonse yogwira apasuke kwathunthu mu awiri theka moyo? Konse. Pambuyo ina nyemba ndi theka mbali nyukiliya ndi yofanana nthawi otsala maatomu linawola ngakhale hafu, ndi zina zotero. cheza The amalimbikira kwa nthawi yaitali, apamwamba kuposa hafu ya moyo. Choncho, maatomu mwakhama chitsanzo zasungidwa paokha ku cheza cha

Hafu ya moyo - wambiri potsata yekha pa katundu wa thunthu. mtengo limanenedwa kwa isotopes ambiri kudziwika nyukiliya.

Table: "The theka moyo kuvunda kwa isotopes zina"

dzina	chikhazikitso	mtundu wa kuvunda	theka-moyo
Analandira	88 Ra 219	alpha	masekondi 0,001
mankhwala enaake a	12 mg 27	beta	mphindi 10
radon	86 RN 222	alpha	masiku 3.8
cobalt	27 Co 60	beta, Popanga madzi a gamma	zaka 5.3
Analandira	88 Ra 226	Alpha, Popanga madzi a gamma	zaka 1620
Uranus	92 238 U	Alpha, Popanga madzi a gamma	zaka mabiliyoni 4.5

Khama la theka moyo anachita experimentally. Mu maphunziro zasayansi imachitika mobwerezabwereza kuyeza ntchito. Popeza zitsanzo zasayansi kukula osachepera (chitetezo kafukufuku ali woposa onse), kuyesera imachitidwa ndi intervals osiyana mobwerezabwereza nthawi zambiri. Bukuli lili pa mokhazikika kusintha wothandizira ntchito.

Pofuna kudziwa theka moyo mpandawo ntchito chitsanzo pa intervals yeniyeni nthawi. Popeza kuti chizindikiro zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa maatomu ndisungunuka ku lamulo nyukiliya kuwola, kupeza hafu ya moyo.

CHITSANZO matanthauzo kwa isotope ndi

Tiyeni chiwerengero cha zinthu yogwira isotope nthawi anapatsidwa ndi wofanana N, nthawi imeneyi imene inanenedwa ndi T ₂ - T ₁ kumene chiyambi ndi mapeto ali kuonerera mokwanira pafupi. Musamachite N - chiwerengero cha maatomu ndisungunuka ndi kupatsidwa nthawi imeneyi, ndiye N = KN (T ₂ - T _1).

Mu mawu amenewa, K = 0.693 / T½ - Kugwirizana chinthu, wotchedwa kuwola zonse. T½ - hafu ya moyo wa isotope lapansi.

Kuganiza kuti unit nthawi kagawo. Choncho K = N / N limasonyeza nusu ya isotope mtima pano zasintha pa nthawi unit.

Podziwa kufunika kwa oipa zonse zingadziŵike ndi theka moyo wa kuvunda: T½ = 0.693 / K.

Tidziwanso kuti pa nthawi wagawo palibe akuswa nambala inayake maatomu yogwira, ndi chiwerengero ena.

Chilamulo cha kuwola nyukiliya (spp)

Theka moyo maziko spp. Chitsanzo anachokera Frederick Soddy ndi Ernest Rutherford pa maziko a zotsatira experimental mu 1903. Ndi zosadabwitsa kuti miyezo angapo anapanga ndi zida kuti ndife opanda ungwiro mwa mawu m'zaka za m'ma makumi awiri, chinadzetsa zotsatira zolondola ndi zomveka. Iye anakhala maziko a chiphunzitso cha mpweya wa poizoni. Timapeza ndi kulowa masamu a chilamulo nyukiliya kuwonongeka.

- Tiyeni N ₀ - chiwerengero cha maatomu yogwira mu nthawi yogwira ntchito. Pambuyo imeneyi nthawi T adzakhala nondecomposed N zinthu.

- Pa nthawi wofanana ndi theka moyo kukhala ndendende theka mbali yogwira: N = N _0/2.

- Patapita nthawi zina la theka limodzi la nyemba ndi: N = N _0/4 = N _0/2 ² maatomu yogwira.

- Pambuyo nthawi wofanana zina theka moyo, chitsanzo adzakhala nawobe yekha: N = N _0/8 = N ^_0/2 March.

- Pa nthawi imene khamu N theka nthawi mu chitsanzo yake idzakhala ₀ N = N / 2 ^N particles yogwira. Mu mawu amenewa N = T / T½: chiŵerengero cha kafukufuku kwa theka moyo.

- ali spp yosiyana akuti masamu zomwe yabwino kwambiri mu ntchito: N = N ₀ 2 ^{- T / _T½.}

chitsanzo zimathandiza kudziwa, kuwonjezera pa theka moyo, chiwerengero cha maatomu yogwira isotope nondecomposed nthawi zina. Kudziwa chiwerengero cha maatomu wa nyemba pa chiyambi chidwi ndi, patapita kanthawi, mukhoza kudziwa moyo wa mankhwala.

Kudziwa theka moyo wa nyukiliya kuwola malamulo chilinganizo zimathandiza pokhapokha ngati magawo ena: chiwerengero cha isotopes mwakhama chitsanzo, n'kovuta kupeza zokwanira.

Zotsatira za lamulo

Lembani spp chilinganizo mungathe, pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo ntchito ndi kukonzekera misa maatomu.

Ntchito ndi njila kwa chiwerengero cha maatomu nyukiliya: A = A ₀ • 2 ^{-t / T.} Mu dongosolo ili, A ₀ - ntchito chitsanzo pa nthawi ziro, A - zochita pambuyo masekondi T, T - theka moyo.

Kulemera kwa chinthu angagwiritsidwe ntchito chitsanzo: mamita = mamita ₀ • 2 ^{-t / T}

Pakuti intervals lililonse akuswa mwamtheradi chiwerengero chomwecho cha ma atomu nyukiliya akupezeka yokonza zimenezi.

The malire a applicability la chilamulo

Lamulo m'zonse ndi zowerengera, liwulo njira mu microcosm a. Iwo anazindikira kuti theka moyo wa zinthu nyukiliya - kuwirikiza kawiri. Chikhalidwe probabilistic ya zochitika mu mtima atomiki zikusonyeza kuti pachimake umasinthasintha akhoza kugwa nthawi ina iliyonse. Kuneneratu chochitika n'zosathekadi, ife tikhoza kudziwa yonena ake pa nthawi. Chifukwa, hafu ya moyo sizimatanthauza:

• kwa atomu makamaka;
• osachepera chitsanzo misa.

The moyo maatomu

The kuli atomu mu chikhalidwe chake chapachiyambi zikhoza lachiwiri, ndipo mwina zaka mamiliyoni ambiri. Kukamba za nthawi ya particles wa moyo ndi Sikuti. Pakulowa ndalama wofanana ndi mtengo pafupifupi ya moyo wa ma atomu, mungakambirane za kuli maatomu a isotope nyukiliya, zotsatira za kuwola nyukiliya. Hafu ya moyo wa phata atomiki zimadalira katundu wa atomu ndipo sikudalira zedi ena.

Kodi n'zotheka kuthetsa vuto bwanji kupeza hafu ya moyo, podziwa moyo pafupifupi?

Kudziwa theka moyo kulankhulana chilinganizo cha moyo zikutanthauza la atomu ndi oipa thandizo zonse, chimodzimodzi.

_{τ = T 1/2 / ln2 = T} 1/2 / 0,693 = 1 / λ.

Mu nkhani imeneyi, τ - yamoyo ambiri λ - oipa zonse.

Ntchito theka moyo

Ntchito spp kwa kudziwa m'badwo wa zitsanzo munthu ambiri mu kafukufuku wa mzaka zana makumi awiri mochedwa. Yolondola kudziŵa zaka zakale malasha ndi anawonjezeranso kuti akhoza kupereka kuzindikira nthawi moyo wa Zakachikwi BC.

Radiocarbon malasha zitsanzo organic zochokera kusintha mpweya 14 ntchito (radiocarbon) analipo zamoyo zonse. Imagwera mu thupi pa kagayidwe ndipo ali m'bukuli pa ndende makamaka. Atamwalira kagayidwe chilengedwe ikutha. Ndende mpweya nyukiliya kugwa chifukwa kuwonongeka zachilengedwe, ntchito amachepetsa mofanana.

Ndi mfundo zimenezi, hafu ya moyo, chilinganizo cha chilamulo cha kuwola nyukiliya chimathandiza kuona nthawi ya kuchotsa moyo wa chamoyo.

Unyolo wa masinthidwe nyukiliya

maphunziro mpweya wa poizoni inkachitikira zinthu zasayansi. mphamvu zodabwitsa zinthu nyukiliya kukhala ndi mphamvu kwa maola, masiku kapena zaka sakanakhoza kubwera anadabwa ndi kumayambiriro kwa sayansi m'zaka makumi awiri. Studies Mwachitsanzo, thorium, Pambuyo chifukwa zosayembekezereka: mu ampoule chatsekedwa za ntchito yake inali yofunika kwambiri. Pa whiff pang'ono idagwera. Poti linali losavuta: kutembenuka kwa thorium limodzi ndi kutuluka kwa radon (mpweya). zinthu zonse mpweya wa poizoni lidzasinthidwa chinthu chosiyana, ndi mmene thupi katundu ndi mankhwala. mankhwala, nayenso, ndi wosakhazikika. Tsopano amadziwika mizere itatu ya kusinthika ofanana.

Chidziwitso cha masinthidwe ali ofunika kwambiri kudziwa nthawi ya m'madera inaccessibility zakhudzana mu ndondomeko ya atomiki ndi nyukiliya kafukufuku, kapena kuwonongeka kwa zinthu. Hafu ya moyo wa nyukiliyazo basi - malingana isotopes wake - mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera 86 m (Pu 238) 80 Ma (Pu 244). Ndende aliyense isotope amapereka Kuganizira nthawi m'dera decontamination.

Zitsulo zodula kwambiri

Amadziwika kuti masiku ano pali zitsulo zambiri mtengo kuposa golide, siliva ndi pulatinamu. Zikuphatikizapo nyukiliyazo basi. N'zochititsa chidwi mu chikhalidwe olengedwa zamoyo wa nyukiliyazo basi ndi sanapezeke. Zinthu zambiri analandira m'mikhalidwe zasayansi. Ntchito nyukiliyazo basi-239 mu nyukiliya kwathandiza iye kukhala otchuka kwambiri masiku awa. Kupeza okwanira ntchito mathanki kuchuluka kwa isotope zikuchititsa kuti pafupifupi kwambiri.

Nyukiliyazo basi-239 analandira mu pompo-pompo chifukwa cha zochita unyolo mu ureniamu-239 Neptunium-239 (theka moyo - maola 56). unyolo ofanana amalola kudziunjikira nyukiliyazo basi mu nyukiliya. Mlingo wa zosayembekezereka ya nambala chofunika kuposa mabiliyoni chilengedwe cha nthawi.

Ntchito mu Mphamvu

Pali nkhani zambiri za zolakwa za mphamvu za nyukiliya ndi "strangeness" wa anthu amene iliyonse kutsegula ntchito kupha mtundu wawo. Kutsegula nyukiliyazo basi-239, okhoza nawo nyukiliya unyolo anachita amaloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito monga mtendere gwero mphamvu. Ureniamu-235 ndi analogue a nyukiliyazo basi zopezeka mu dziko ali osowa kwambiri, kusankha izo kwa ureniamu miyala ndi ovuta kwambiri kuposa kuti nyukiliyazo basi.

M'badwo wa Dziko Lapansi

Radioisotope kusanthula isotopes wa zinthu nyukiliya amapereka lingaliro molondola moyo wa chitsanzo makamaka.

Ntchito yosintha unyolo "wa ureniamu - thorium" zopezeka matanthwe a pansi padziko, limachititsa kudziwa zaka za padziko lathuli. Chiwerengero cha zinthu izi pafupifupi mu matanthwe a magwero njira imeneyi. Malinga deta atsopano, m'badwo wa Earth zaka mabiliyoni 4.6.