Mapangidwe, Sayansi
Chiphunzitso cha chiyambi cha chilengedwe. Kodi mfundo za chiyambi cha chilengedwe ambiri? The Big Bang Chiphunzitsochi: The Rise wa chilengedwe chonse. chiphunzitso achipembedzo zinakhalapo
Mogometsa ndi kuchuluka kwa dziko akhoza kugunda m'maganizo iliyonse. Zonse zinthu ndi zinthu zimene zatizungulira munthu, ena zosiyanasiyana zomera ndi nyama zamoyo, ndi particles kuti Tingaone kokha ndi maso, monga komanso masango nyenyezi zovuta kuzimvetsa: iwo onse ogwirizana ndi mfundo yonena za "dziko".
Chiphunzitso cha chiyambi cha chilengedwe anayamba ndi mwamuna kale. Ngakhale kupanda ngakhale mfundo chiyambidwe cha chipembedzo ndi sayansi, maganizo moti anthu wakale mafunso okhudza mfundo za dongosolo la dziko ndi zimene udindo wa munthu mu danga kuti isawonongeke. Kodi mfundo za chiyambi cha chilengedwe lero ambiri, zimakhala zovuta kuti kuwerenga ndi ena a iwo anaphunzira asayansi patsogolo padziko lonse, winayo - moona wosangalatsa.
Ankaganizira ndi nkhani yake
Modern ankaganizira - sayansi ya kapangidwe ndi chitukuko cha chilengedwe - akulingalira chiyambi chake monga wa chidwi kwambiri ndipo komabe insufficiently kuphunzira zinsinsi. Chikhalidwe cha njira zimene zinathandiza kuti zikamera wa nyenyezi, nyenyezi, kachitidwe dzuwa ndi maiko, chitukuko, gwero la chilengedwe, komanso kukula kwake ndi malire: zonsezi ndi chabe yochepa mndandanda wa nkhani akuphunziridwa ndi akatswiri a masiku ano.
The kufufuza mayankho amene ana- chachikulu maphunziro dziko zinachititsa chakuti lero pali mfundo zosiyanasiyana aliko, wa chilengedwe chonse. akatswiri chisangalalo kufunafuna mayankho kuti kumanga ndi malingaliro mayeso, kulungamitsidwa, chifukwa chiphunzitso odalirika kubadwa wa chilengedwe chonse ati awulule kwa anthu onse Mwina kuli moyo mu machitidwe ena ndi maiko.
Chiphunzitso cha mmene chilengedwe ali mu chikhalidwe cha mfundo za sayansi, malingaliro enieni, ziphunzitso, nzeru ndi nthano. Iwo onse conventionally m'magulu ziwiri:
- Chiphunzitso, chimene chilengedwe ndi Mlengi. M'mawu ena, ali kuti ndondomeko ya kulengedwa kwa chilengedwe chonse anali ozindikira ndi mantha tingati kusonyeza chifuniro cha nzeru zapamwamba.
- Chiphunzitso cha chiyambi cha chilengedwe, anamanga pa maziko a zinthu sayansi. postulates awo m'gulu kukana kuli Mlengi, ndi kuthekera kwa dala. malingaliro otere nthawi zambiri zochokera otchedwa mfundo mediocrity. Iwo amati mosavuta pamaso pa moyo, osati padziko lathuli, komanso kwa anthu ena.
Chilengedwe - chiphunzitso cha chilengedwe cha Mlengi wa dziko
Monga dzina lake likunenera, chilengedwe (chilengedwe) - ndimaganizo achipembedzo za chiyambi cha chilengedwe. Kuona zinthu m'njira imeneyi zinachokera pa mfundo polenga zinthu zonse, dzikoli ndi Mulungu anthu kapena Mlengi.
Lingaliro la nthawi yaitali anali lalikulu mpaka cha m'ma XIX, pamene mathamangitsidwe wa ndondomeko ya kudzikundikira chidziwitso zosiyanasiyana za sayansi (zamoyo, sayansi ya sayansi), komanso chiphunzitso ambiri kusanduka. Chilengedwe wakhala achilendo zimene Akhristu amene ali ndi malingaliro ndiwofatsa pa atulukira anapangidwa. Lalikulu pa nthawi ya chitukuko zinachokera lingaliro cholimbitsidwa yekha zotsutsana kumene kulipo pakati pa ziphunzitso zachipembedzo ndi zina.
Mfundo zosiyanasiyana sayansi ndi chipembedzo
Kusiyana waukulu pakati pa mfundo za magulu osiyanasiyana makamaka mawu amene ntchito otsatira awo. Choncho, mu malingaliro sayansi osati Mlengi - chikhalidwe cha, ndi kubwerera chilengedwe cha - chiyambi. Pamodzi ndi ichi, pali nkhani zimene nawonso ataphimbidwa ndi ziphunzitso zosiyana ngakhale lingafanane.
Chiphunzitso cha chiyambi cha chilengedwe zokhudzana siyana anyamata, mosiyanasiyana pachibwenzi chikuoneka kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, malinga ndi kungoganizira kwambiri ambiri (kuphulika kwakukulu chiphunzitso) chilengedwe chinapangidwa pa zaka 13 biliyoni zapitazo.
Koma chiphunzitso achipembedzo cha mmene chilengedwe amatsogolera kanjedza yosiyana:
- Malinga ndi magwero Mkhristu, m'badwo wa chilengedwe analengedwa ndi Mulungu pa nthawi ya kubadwa kwa Yesu Khristu kunali zaka 3483-6984.
- Chihindu zikusonyeza kuti dziko lathu pafupifupi thililiyoni 155 zaka.
Kant ndi chitsanzo wake Cosmological
Mpaka m'ma XX, akatswiri ambiri anali maganizo a osawerengeka wa chilengedwe chonse. khalidwe limeneli, iwo yodziwika nthawi ndi malo. Komanso, maganizo awo, chilengedwe chonse chinali ndi malo amodzi ndi homogeneous.
Lingaliro la chilengedwe wopandamalire danga akufuna Isaak Nyuton. Kukula kwa mfundo ndi nawo Immanuel Kant, amene anayambitsa chiphunzitso cha pakalibe nthawi zimasokoneza nayenso. Patsogolo zina mwa mfundo ndi ongolankhula, Kant wagawira kupanda malire a chilengedwe chonse pa chiwerengero cha mankhwala zotheka kwachilengedwenso. zopanda Izi zikutanthauza kuti pa zikhalidwe za dziko wakale ndi lalikulu ndi chiyambi kapena mapeto akhoza kukhala chiwerengero wopandamalire mungachite zinachititsa kuti pakutchulidwa enieni a mitundu ina iliyonse.
Pamaziko a chiphunzitso ichi cha kuthekera zamoyo patapita mwakuchita Darwin. Kuzipenya wa nyenyezi ndi zotsatira za kuwerengetsera wa zakuthambo anatsimikizira Kant Cosmological chitsanzo.
malingaliro Einstein a
Mu XX m'ma, Albertom Eynshteynom lofalitsidwa chitsanzo chake cha chilengedwe. Malingana ndi chiphunzitso chake cha relativity, mu chilengedwe chonse, ndondomeko ziŵiri zotsutsana zimachitika nthawi imodzi: patsogolo ndi constriction. Komabe, iye anavomereza ndi maganizo ambiri a akatswiri a stationarity wa chilengedwe chonse, choncho anayamba kufotokoza mfundo dziko repulsion mphamvu. amadza chifukwa cha cholinga kukwaniritsa ayambe nyenyezi ndi kulepheretsanso kusamukira matupi onse akumwamba kusunga dziko malo amodzi.
Chitsanzo cha Chilengedwe - Einstein - ali ndi kukula, koma pa nthawi yomweyo palibe malire. Chotero kuwaphatikiza ndi zotheka yekha pa danga kupindika monga momwe chimachitika m'munda.
Magwiridwe danga la chitsanzo awa:
- Atatu dimensionality.
- Dera palokha.
- Pachilichonse (palibe pakati ndi m'mphepete), amene anakonza uniformly Way.
A. A. Fridman: thambo likukula
Mlengi wa chitsanzo chosintha wa chilengedwe likukulira, A. A. Fridman (USSR) anamanga chiphunzitso chake pa maziko a maikwezhoni ndi kufotokoza za chiphunzitso ambiri relativity. Komabe, nzeru ochiritsira mu dziko sayansi nthawi imeneyo chinali chikhalidwe malo amodzi mu dziko, kotero ntchito yake kupeleka chidwi chifukwa.
Patapita zaka zingapo chotulukira zakuthambo Edwin Hubble anali wopangidwa kuti anapatsa kutsimikizira mfundo Friedman a. kuchotsa nyenyezi anapezeka unali wa Milky Way. Pa nthawi yomweyo anakhala mfundo wosatsutsika kupulumutsa njila kwa liwiro kuyenda awo ku mtunda pakati pawo ndi Way wathu.
Kupezeka chake nthawi zonse "mavuto" nyenyezi ndi nyenyezi poyerekezera ndi mzake, imbaenda mfundo yakuti thambo.
Potsilizira pake, maganizo Friedman ndi ankawaona Einstein ndipo kenako anatchula za nyota za wasayansi Soviet monga woyambitsa wa amanena za thambo.
Sitingathe kunena kuti pali kusiyana chiphunzitso chimenechi ndi chiphunzitso ambiri relativity Komabe, thambo amayenera kukhala kugunda pachiyambi, chikwiyire mavuto nyenyezi. Ndi fanizo kuphulika, mfundo unkatchedwa "Big Bang".
Stiven Hoking ndi mfundo Anthropic
The chifukwa cha kuwerengetsera ndi atulukira Stephen Hawking anakhala anthropocentric chiphunzitso cha chiyambi cha chilengedwe. Mlengi wake amanena kuti kuli dziko, kotero bwino kukonzekera moyo anthu, sangakhale mwangozi.
Chiphunzitso cha chiyambi cha chilengedwe Stephen Hawking komanso amapereka evaporation pang'onopang'ono mabowo wakuda, imfa ya mphamvu ndi umuna wa Hawking cheza.
Chifukwa, kufunafuna umboni kanalekanitsidwa ndi kuyesedwa kwa specifications zoposa 40, amene ayenera kutsata kuti chitukuko cha chitukuko. American Katswiri Hyu Rossom ali imawunikidwa Mwina zoterezi mwangozi mwangozi. Zotsatira zake zinali kuchuluka 10 -53.
chilengedwe chathu ndi nyenyezi trilioni, nyenyezi 100 biliyoni uliwonse. Malinga ndi asayansi opangidwa anapezazo, chiwerengero cha mapulaneti akhale 10 20. chiwerengerochi 33 madongosolo a ukulu kakang'ono kuposa kale masamu. Choncho, palibe mapulaneti nyenyezi zonse simungathe kuphatikiza zinthu zimene akhale oyenera chiyambi mowiriza wa moyo.
The Big Bang Chiphunzitsochi: zikamera wa chilengedwe chonse kuchokera particles n'zochepa
Asayansi amene amathandiza chiphunzitso cha Big Bang, kugawana kungoganizira malinga ndi zimene chilengedwe ndi zotsatira za kuphulika chachikulu. The tenet chachikulu cha chiphunzitso amakhala mfundo zisanachitike zinthu zonse pano m'chilengedwe zinalengedwa tinthu, adali ndi kukula tosaoneka. Kuyambira mkati, zinthu yodziwika ndi boma mmodzi komwe zinthu monga kutentha, kachulukidwe ndi kuthamanga sangathe anayeza. Iwo osatha. Pa nkhani ndi mphamvu mu dziko lino si bwanji ndi malamulo a sayansi.
Chifukwa cha kuphulika, chimene chinachitika zaka 15 biliyoni zapitazo, wotchedwa chikanachitika mu tinthu Kusakhazikika. Zimauluka kupatula zinthu zing'onozing'ono kuti chinali chiyambi cha dziko monga ife tikudziwira izo lero.
Poyamba Nebula chilengedwe chinapangidwa ndi tinthu tina take tating'onoting'ono (kakang'ono kuposa atomu). Ndiye, pamene ophatikizana, iwo apanga maatomu omwe anapanga maziko a nyenyezi Nyenyezi. Yankho la funso limene linali pafupi kuphulika, ndipo anali kuchititsa, ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya chiphunzitso chimenechi za chiyambi cha chilengedwe.
Table schematically chikusonyezera mapazi a kupanga chilengedwe pambuyo kuphulika lalikulu.
| boma la chilengedwe chonse | Nthawi | Pafupifupi kutentha |
| Kufutukuka (kufufuma) | 10 -45 10 -37 masekondi | Zoposa 10 26 K |
| Kupezeka ndi ma elekitironi quark | 10 -6 mphindikati | Zoposa 10 13 K |
| Kodi popangidwa ndi mapulotoni neutrons | 10 -5 | October 12 K |
| Pali mtima helium, deuterium ndi lifiyamu | 10 -4 m kwa mphindi 3 | 10 11 10 9 K |
| popangidwa ndi ma atomu | 400 zikwi. Zaka | 4000 K |
| Gasi mtambo likupitiriza | zaka 15 miliyoni | 300 K |
| Nucleate nyenyezi woyamba ndi nyenyezi | zaka 1 biliyoni | 20 K |
| The mabomba Nyenyezi imautsa mapangidwe mtima lolemera | zaka 3 biliyoni | 10 K |
| Kugwira ndondomeko ya nyenyezi kubadwa | zaka biliyoni 10-15 | 3 K |
| Mphamvu ya nyenyezi zonse chikuchepa | October zaka 14 | 10 -2 K |
| mabowo Black ali zatha ndi particles pulayimale amabadwa | 10 zaka 40 | -20 K |
| Yomalizira evaporation mabowo wakuda | zaka 10.100 | 10 -60 10 -40 K |
Motere pazimene pamwamba, chilengedwe likupitiriza kukula ndi ozizira.
Kuwonjezeka zonse mu mtunda pakati pa nyenyezi - ndi zopanda yakuti: kuti kusiyana pakati pa chiphunzitso cha phwaa chachikulu. Zadzidzidzi chilengedwe njira izi zikhoza linatsimikizidwa apeza umboni. Palinso zifukwa kukana ake.
Mavuto chiphunzitso
Popeza kuti chiphunzitso cha kuphulika kwakukulu si kuwonedwa mu kuchita, n'zosadabwitsa kuti pali mafunso angapo imene akulephera kupereka yankho:
- Chikhalidwe. mawu Izi zikusonyeza kuti boma la chilengedwe chonse, wothinikizidwa mu mfundo imodzi. Vuto la chiphunzitso kuphulika kwakukulu, kuti kumakhala kovuta kufotokoza njira kunachitika nkhani ndi danga boma. Lamulo ambiri relativity sichiri pano, motero malongosoledwe masamu ndi maikwezhoni kwa kumutsatira zosatheka.
Ndikosatheka chachikulu kupeza yankho la funso la dziko koyamba wa chilengedwe chonse discredits chiphunzitso kuchokera pachiyambi. sayansi otchuka ulaliki amakonda chete kapena kungotchulapo mu kudutsa kuti kwambiri. Komabe, asayansi ntchito kubweretsa maziko masamu kwa chiphunzitso cha Big Bang, izo chimatengedwa ngati yaikulu vuto mwalamulo. - Zakuthambo. Mu m'dera limeneli, kuphulika kwakukulu chiphunzitso polimbana ndi chakuti iye sakanakhoza kufotokoza ndondomeko za chiyambi cha nyenyezi. Potengera Baibulo yamakono ya chiphunzitso, n'zotheka kulosera mmene pali yunifolomu mtambo mpweya. Pamene kachulukidwe ake kwa nthawi yapano akhale za munthu atomu pa mita kiyubiki. Chinachake zambiri simungakhoze kuchita popanda kusintha mkhalidwe koyamba wa chilengedwe chonse. Kupanda zambiri ndi zambiri malowa amakhala cholepheretsa mawerengeredwe zina.
Komanso pali zikusiyana mawu a misa masamu a Way athu ndi deta analandira mwa kuphunzira liwiro kukopa kwake kwa Way Andromeda. Zikuoneka kuti kulemera kwa Way wathu ndi kakhumi kuposa mmene ankaganizira poyamba.
Ankaganizira ndi kwadzidzidzi sayansi
Masiku ano palibe ziphunzitso Cosmological, amene usadalire kwadzidzidzi zimango. Ndipotu, chimene chikuchita ndi malongosoledwe a khalidwe la particles atomiki ndi subatomic. Mosiyana kwadzidzidzi sayansi ku chakale (kutanthauziridwa ndi Newton) kuti wachiwiri anati ndipo limafotokoza zinthu zakuthupi, ndi choyamba kokha kufotokoza masamu a anaona ndi miyezo. Kwadzidzidzi mfundo sayansi zinthu sanena nkhani ya kafukufuku, ndi mbali ya amatsata amene akuchita zinthu kuphunzira.
Kuchokera pa makhalidwe amenewa, kwadzidzidzi zimango zikumuvuta ndi malongosoledwe a chilengedwe chonse, chifukwa akuona - ali mbali ya chilengedwe chonse. Komabe, kulankhula za m'chilengedwe zimachitika, sikutheka kwa anthu kunja. Kuyesa kukhala chitsanzo popanda nkhani za kunja amatsata anali korona ndi chiphunzitso kwadzidzidzi za chiyambi cha chilengedwe G .. Wheeler.
Kwenikweni ake kuti pa mphindi iliyonse pali akuwaza wa chilengedwe ndi mapangidwe nambala wopandamalire makope. Chifukwa, aliyense wa chilengedwe kufanana zingaoneke ndipo akuona amaoneka kuti njira zina zonse kwadzidzidzi. Pankhaniyi, apachiyambi latsopano Maiko weniweni.
Lachitsanzo inflationary
Cholinga chachikulu, chimene chiri kuthetsa chiphunzitso cha kufufuma ndi kufufuza yankho la funso otsala yosayatsa Big Bang chiphunzitso ndi chiphunzitso cha yophunzitsa. akuti:
- Pazifukwa zina, thambo likufutukuka?
- Kodi mwangozi?
Kuti zimenezi zitheke, chiphunzitso inflationary za chiyambi cha chilengedwe kumafuna extrapolation kutambasuka kwa ziro nthawi, m'nyengo ya misa kwathunthu kwa chilengedwe chonse pa nthawi ina ndi mapangidwe chikhalidwe Cosmological, amene nthawi zambiri amatchedwa phwaa chachikulu.
N'zoonekeratu irrelevance ya chiphunzitso ambiri relativity, amene sakhoza ntchito pakadali pano. Chifukwa, kukhala wamkulu kwambiri chiphunzitso (kapena "sayansi latsopano") ndi zosankha za mavuto Cosmological chikhalidwe zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito njira ongolankhula anapezazo ndi tanthauzo lake.
ziphunzitso zatsopano zina
Ngakhale bwino zitsanzo za kufufuma dziko, pali asayansi amene akutsutsidwa, kuitana izo sizinatheke. Mtsutso wawo waukulu amakhala Kutsutsa chiphunzitso akufuna njira. Otsutsa amati yankho chifukwa yatsala anaphonya zina, mwa kulankhula kwina, m'malo kuthetsa vuto la mfundo koyamba, chiphunzitso chabe drapes zawo zambirimbiri.
An zina kuti ena ziphunzitso zosowa, lingaliro limene potengera mapangidwe mfundo koyamba pamaso phwaa chachikulu. Chiphunzitso chatsopano cha mmene chilengedwe akhoza mwachidule motere:
- Chingwe chiphunzitso. otsatira ake amati, kupatula mwachizolowezi miyeso anayi malo ndi nthawi, kulowa miyeso owonjezera. Iwo sakanakhoza amagwira nawo ntchito magawo oyambirira a chilengedwe, ndipo panopa m'chigawo compactified. Tsatirani funso chifukwa cha m'mbuyo awo, asayansi akamufunsirire kuyankha ponena kuti chuma ndi superstring T-duality. Choncho, chingwe "bala" pa miyeso owonjezera ndi kukula ndi osauka.
- Chiphunzitso cha branes. Limatchedwanso M-chiphunzitso. Malinga ndi postulates yake, pa chiyambi cha mapangidwe chilengedwe kulibe ozizira malo amodzi zisanu ooneka enieni danga nthawi. Anai a iwo (danga) sangachite kapena makoma - atatu branes. malo athu mokomera munthu wa makoma, ndipo lachiwiri ndi chobisika. Wachitatu atatu brane likupezeka mu malo anayi ooneka enieni, kuchepetsa ake branes malire awiri. chiphunzitso amaona zipolowe ndi wachitatu branes wathu ndi kumasula yambiri mphamvu. Ndi zinthu izi kukhala yabwino kwa zikamera wa phwaa chachikulu.
- Sitingawerenge Cyclical kukana wapadera phwaa chachikulu, ponena kuti dziko lonse amapatsirana boma wina ndi mzake. vuto limakhala mfundo zoterezi mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito ukuwonjezeka mwa lamulo lachiwiri yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe. Choncho, nthawi ya m'zinthu m'mbuyomu anali m'munsi, ndi kutentha zakuthupi - ndi kwambiri kuposa pamene kuphulika lalikulu. Mwina izi ndi ochepa.
Ziribe kanthu angati pali mfundo za chiyambi cha chilengedwe, awiri okha ndi amene zidakali nthawi ndi kugonjetsa likuwonjezekabe vuto mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito. Iwo yapangidwa asayansi Steinhardt ndi Turok-Baum-Frampton.
Awa ndimaganizo watsopano za chiyambi cha chilengedwe kuika patsogolo mu 80 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo. Ali kwambiri otsatira amene amayamba zitsanzo ofotokoza akufunafuna kudalirika kwa umboni ndi ntchito ndi kuthetsa kusemphana.
chiphunzitso chingwe
Chimodzi mwa zamoyo yotchuka kwambiri ya chiyambi cha chilengedwe - chiphunzitso chingwe. Akuyendera bwanji ndi maganizo ake, m'pofunika kumvetsa mfundo imodzi mpikisano wapamtima muyezo chitsanzo. Omwe mogwirizana kwa nkhaniyi ndipo akhoza monga akonzedwa enieni particles anafotokoza, nagawira mu magulu angapo:
- Quarks.
- Leptons.
- Bosons.
particles awa, kwenikweni, nyumba midadada ya chilengedwe chonse, popeza kwambiri moti sangathe kugawidwa mu zigawo zikuluzikulu.
The amadziwika chiphunzitso chingwe amakhala mfundo yakuti midadada awa particles ndi zingwe kopitilira muyeso-tosaoneka ndi maso, amachita oscillations. Pankhaniyi, kuyambira pa pafupipafupi osiyana, zingwe ndi analogs particles osiyanasiyana amafotokozedwa chitsanzo muyezo.
Pakuti kumvetsa chiphunzitso ayenera kudziwa kuti zingwe si kaya, izo ndi mphamvu. Choncho, chingwe chiphunzitso ndi kuti mbali zonse za chilengedwe amapangidwa ndi mphamvu.
A kufanizira wabwino ndi moto. Pamene inu muyang'ana pa Iye zikuwoneka ndi zinthu zake, koma sangakhoze kukhudza.
Ankaganizira kwa ana
Chiphunzitso cha chiyambi cha chilengedwe mwachidule kusukulu mu maphunziro zakuthambo. Ophunzira kufotokoza chiphunzitso zina za mmene dziko lathu linapangidwa, zimene zinam'chitikira tsopano ndi mmene kukhazikitsa m'tsogolo.
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