Mitundu ya chidziwitso Kodi

Knowledge umaimira chifukwa cha kuphunzira, ndi dongosolo yeniyeni ndi masitepe kugwirizana ndi magawo a mapangidwe ndi chitukuko cha anthu. kudziwa munthu umayambira pamodzi ndi zovuta kuchuluka kwa mchitidwewu.

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nzeru za anthu. Mmodzi wa mitundu wamkulu ndi chipembedzo ndi nzeru za anthu. Woyambitsa wa positivism, Auguste Comte pakati pa zaka za m'ma 19, akufuna zosiyana, amasonyeza yonse ya nzeru. Mu lingaliro lake, iye ankaona mumaonekedwe atatu successively m'malo wina ndi mzake.

Mawonekedwe poyamba ankaona kudziwa chipembedzo. Bukuli lili pa chikhulupiriro ndi miyambo munthu.

Mawonekedwe chachiwiri - kudziwa aumunthu. Zochokera wolemba yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale kapena mfundo zina ndipo ndi Kulingalira ndi zomveka m'chilengedwe.

sayansi - ichi ndi mawonekedwe lachitatu. Zochokera Kukhazikitsa mfundo pa maziko a kafukufuku maganizo kapena zochitika.

Lero ndi zoonekeratu kuti machitidwe onse a chidziwitso amakonzedwa mu kufanana, ndipo pali monga muli zomera zakutchire, ndiponso nyama.

Palinso gulu lina. Malinga ndi mfundo M. Polanyi (English nzeru zapamwamba), mitundu kudziwa zinthu m'magulu malinga ndi khalidwe. English nzeru zapamwamba anapita chakuti kudziwa ndi kumvetsa yogwira zinthu - zimenezi zimafuna zida wapadera ndi luso lapadera. The "umunthu", malinga Polanyi, analanda osati zenizeni komanso chizindikiro cha chidwi zake cognition. Pankhaniyi, pali m'ndandanda wa mawu osati aliyense, komanso zinachitikira munthu. Choncho, Polanyi anasankha mitundu zotsatirazi cha nzeru;

1. A bwino, linanena, m'kukoma ziphunzitso za, zigamulo, mfundo.
2. Silinatchulidwe, silinatchulidwe, osati kupereka chithunzithunzi zonse inayamba.

chidziwitso silinatchulidwe zopezeka luso thupi maluso othandiza ziwembu maganizo. Si kwathunthu zikupezeka mu mabuku, koma imafalira ndi tionane ndi kulankhulana.

Monga mbali yaikulu ya ambiri dongosolo maphunziro a nzeru chifukwa cha chidziwitso cha malamulo a chilengedwe, maganizo, anthu ndi zenizeni. chifukwa zimenezi zimasonyeza kuti zowombetsa mkota zinachitikira anthu amene wakhala anapeza mu njira ya kumapeto chikhalidwe mbiri.

zili maphunziro zikuphatikizapo kotereku a chidziwitso, monga:

1. Mawu chachikulu ndi mfundo zimene zimasonyeza zenizeni. Kuwonjezera zenizeni tsiku ndi tsiku, anasonyeza kuti ndi sayansi.
2. Daily mfundo zenizeni ndi sayansi. Zimagwirira ntchito pa ubwenzi ndi umboni wa malingaliro awo.
3. Basic malamulo a sayansi. Amasonyeza ubale pakati pa zochitika zosiyanasiyana ndi zinthu.
4. Chiphunzitso, amene ali akonzedwa a sayansi za yeniyeni dongosolo zinthu, zinthu, ubale wa pakati pawo, komanso njira kulosera ndi kufotokoza zochitika mu makamaka m'dera nkhani.
5. Lowunikira chidziwitso. Amaonetsa mfundo zochitika zosiyanasiyana moyo.
6. Chidziwitso cha njira wochita zinthu sayansi, njira yodziwira, ndi zambiri mbiri kugula.

Onse a mitundu ndi mbali kugwirizana ndi ntchito ndi ntchito umisiri kuphunzira.

Knowledge ungakhalenso:

1. Maganizo ndi zomveka.
2. Essentsianalisticheskimi (potengera ntchito kusanthula zida kachulukidwe) ndi fenomenolisticheskimi (potengera ntchito "khalidwe" Lingaliro).
3. Ongolankhula ndi wazotsatira (experimental).
4. Chastnonauchnogo ndi nzeru za anthu.
5. Zaumunthu ndi sayansi.

Kuchokera pedagogical ndi maganizo amazionera, chidwi kwambiri ndi kusiyanitsa zomveka (sayansi) ndi matupi (zothandiza anthu) chidziwitso.