Transduction - ndi chiyani ichi?

были описаны в разное время. Transformation ndi transduction yatchedwa panthawi zosiyanasiyana. Yotsirizira chinamasulidwa mu 1952. Nkhaniyi adzayang'anitsitsa kodi losiyanasiyana transduction, zimene zimaonetsa iwo ndi kumene ntchito zodabwitsazi.

The maphunziro oyamba

Monga wophunzira, N. Tsinder ntchito mu Lederberg labu anaphunzira pamaso pa conjugation mu nsomba typhimurium. Iye anagwiritsa 20 monoauksotrofnyh sungakhaliretu. Pamene iwo ali osokonezeka pairwise wasayansi anayesa kudziwa prototrophic ana. Nthawi 9, oyeserera maselo amenewa akhala kuzindikiridwa osakaniza 79. Chifukwa chakuti palibe mavuto choyambirira sanali kupanga repertantov pa sing'anga kochepa Tsinger anapeza kuti pakati pawo ikuchitika conjugation, imene mudziwe majini ndi anasamutsidwa.

Kuti atsimikizire kungoganizira, ndi Lederberg, anabwereza kuyesa kwa Davis ndi U-zooneka chubu anagawa galasi fyuluta kuti amachotsa maselo tizilombo. phunziro ntchito tizilombo ta nsomba typhimurium 2Ahis- ndi 22Atrp-. Machubu nthambi imodzi 22A limadziwika ndi chikhalidwe cha kupsyinjika ndi mzake - 2a. Onse anali pa ndende ya 1 • 108 maselo / ml. Pambuyo nthawi makulitsidwe, okhutira gawo 22A ta anafotokozedwa maselo prototrophic. Zinapangidwa pa pafupipafupi 1 • 10-5. The machubu nthambi zina maselo prototrophic zinakambidwa.

Zotsatira experimental sanali atsimikizire amanena za conjugation kulanda mudziwe ku 22A ndi 2a tizilombo.

Transduction: The Experience

Pa anayendera wotsatira chinapezeka kuti kupsyinjika 22A ndi kachilombo phage P22. Iwo amatha kupatsira ndi lyse maselo nsomba typhimurium 2A. Ozama kudzera sefa, izo wakulowererani maselo, kubereka ndi amasungunula iwo. Ndi amasulidwe kusefera zinachitika wothandizila (monga patchedwa Lederberg ndi Tsinger). Nayenso, anadza kupyolera galasi. Mothandizidwa nthumwi sefa, ena mwa maselo mavuto 22A amapeza yeniyeni makhalidwe cholowa. Iwo anali ofanana ndi amene alipo kupsyinjika 2A, kumene aime ndi FA.

Makamaka chinavumbula luso lithe tryptophan. Padatsimikiza kuti kusefa wothandizila ntchito sanataye nthawi processing izo DNase. Izi kumatha n'zotheka kusintha. Anapeza kuti zosefera katundu wa wothandizila zinali zofanana phage P22. Litatha pamenepa kuti yotsirizira amanyamula zambiri pa mavuto 22A kuti 2A, amene anali ngati umboni udindo majini zidulo mkati.

Transduction polima monga mfundo kulongosola izi chodabwitsa majini deta HIV.

The kulunjika kwa ndondomekoyi

специфичное явление, при котором осуществляется перенос генетической информации от клетки-донора к клетке-реципиенту при помощи фага . Transduction - chodabwitsa loti ikuchitika kulanda mudziwe majini kuchokera ku khungu mwiniwake wa foni wolandira ntchito phage. Bukuli lili ndi mfundo yakuti m'kupita kwa kubalana wa phages akhoza kupangidwa ndi tinthu. Pamodzi ndi kapena m'malo DNA iwo monga mapale ena anali a transduced. Malinga ndi katundu kumamatira ndi kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe ofanana ochiritsira virions phage. Komabe, ngati iwo kupatsira maselo atsopano, pali kulanda determinants majini a mwini lomaliza. transduction limagwirira Choncho tichipeza mu izi. Pakuti kulanda determinants majini zofunika kuchita chulutsa phage kuti maselo a kupsyinjika woperekayo. Kenako, fagolizat chifukwa anayambitsa m'zipinda munthuyo. Kusankha transductants ikuchitika pa TV kusankha. Mu wolandira maselo awo koyamba simungathe kukula.

Gawo

Mu kuphunzira chodabwitsa izo wapezeka kuti ena phages angathe kutumiza majini osiyana, ndi ena - yekha yeniyeni. Choncho, mitundu iwiri ya kusintha deta ndi allocated:

1. Zowombetsa mkota transduction. явление предполагает передачу любого фрагмента хромосомы. chodabwitsa imeneyi imaphatikizapo kulanda mpukutu aliyense wa khromozomu a.
2. Specific kusamuka. Pankhaniyi, chabe majini ena anasamutsidwa.

Nonspecific (zowombetsa mkota) ndondomeko

Kodi mbali mu nkhani iyi ali transduction? явление имеет место при наличии вируса, выступающего только в качестве переносчика материала. chodabwitsa Izi zimachitika mu kukhalapo kwa HIV, amachita okha monga chuma chonyamulira. Mmodzi wa iwo - anati phage P22. Lederberg ankagwira naye ndi Zinger. PBS1 B. Subtilis, Р1 E. Coli и проч. Komanso, phages, yomwe ikuchitika zowombetsa mkota transduction - ndi PBS1 B. Subtilis, P1 E. coli, ndi zina zotero. ndondomeko amatenga malo ndi nawo particles zosalongosoka. Mapangidwe zinthu izi amapezeka phages ndi kubalana limodzi ndi azingokhala wa bakiteriya chromosomal DNA. Tikumbukenso kuti mapangidwe awo udzachitika pa chitukuko lytic ndipo pambuyo kupatsidwa ulemu prophage. Mu ena chiwerengero cha particles odzaza ndi DNA bakiteriya. Ukulu wa zidutswa za salinso mutu kukula. Choncho m'madera osiyanasiyana mwina kunyamulidwa limodzi khromozomu bakiteriya. The phage particles kuti kunyamula zidutswa DNA, amatchedwa zosalongosoka.

recombination

Ngati fagolizatom muli zidutswa kwachibadwa ndiponso transducing kuchitira maselo wolandira mavuto, matenda a phage yachibadwa zambiri kumabweretsa lysis (kuvunda). Koma ena maselo ali ndi kachilombo zigawo zosalongosoka. Kapangidwe akubwera ndalama yochepa awiri Shackleton DNA kwa woperekayo. Choncho circularization amapezeka. Mu mawu ena, liniya DNA zidutswa mwiniwake recombine ndi DNA ku wolandira. Zimenezi olamulidwa ndi recA-mbewu. Choncho, ndi onse magazi recombination, yomwe ikuchitika ndi reciprocal (mothandizana) kufotokoza mbali zogwirizana magazi.

ndondomeko yeniyeni

Transduction wa mtundu uwu anapezeka mu 1956. peculiarity Zake ndi kuti aliyense phage transmits zochepa kwambiri, yofunika khromozomu lapansi. Ngati nonspecific phage transduction - "chabe" vekitala majini zakuthupi, recombination limapezeka pa malamulo onse, mu nkhani iyi, osati transmits zambiri, koma limaperekanso kulowa ake mu khromozomu lapansi. Chitsanzo wotchuka amachita njira, kunatheka chifukwa phage λ. Iwo amatha matenda maselo a E. coli ndi kaphatikizidwe zina za DNA mu matupi athu ndi. Izi phage kotentha ndi mabakiteriya pa lizogenezatsii malo pokha recombination (zimene kusiyana ndi mtanda LUMIKIZANI madera mamolekyulu) mbali khromozomu pa gawo limodzi lokha - pakati bio- ndi Agal-loci. Mwina, izi zimachitika chifukwa cha "zolakwika" kupanga kuzungulira mu prophage azingokhala. Chifukwa cha m'dera la matupi pafupi thereto, lamamatira kwa kapangidwe asakhale ndi vutoli napereka mu phage ufulu. Recessed chuma akhoza m'malo mpaka 1/3 mudziwe chibadwa. Pambuyo ma CD zosalongosoka phage DNA particles anapanga.

Minda ya ntchito

Transduction mabakiteriya angagwiritsidwe ntchito:

1. Mu kupanga tizilombo ta makamaka genotype, isogenic, makamaka. Pankhaniyi muyezo waung'ono wa particles opatsirana amapereka mwayi transduction ndondomeko pamaso conjugation. ta Isogeneic kwaiye ntchito generalizatsionnoy kutengerapo zinthu amasiyana yekha mu gawo la khromozomu kuti wanyamula phage zosalongosoka.
2. Pakuti sanjira majini molondola mabakiteriya kukhazikitsa dongosolo la kaikidwe awo operons, dongosolo labwino la ena determinants. Izi ikukwaniritsa complementation mayeso. Umapezeka kuti synthesizing mankhwala ena amafuna ntchito imene imachititsa angapo. Mwachitsanzo, njira anatsimikiza ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu za nyumba ndi b. Kuganiza pali awiri osinthika phenotypically ofanana ndi sangathe kuti lithe enzyme. Sizikudziwika ngati zosiyana chibadwa. Zinasonyeza genotype anagwira transduction, i.e. phage chulutsa pa maselo anthu chomwecho, kenako matenda ndi zinthu wachiwiri. Ngati kulowetsa kusankha sing'anga opangidwa yaikulu ndi yaing'ono njuchi transdukantov, iwo anapeza kuti kutanthauzira cha masinthidwe ndi majini osiyanasiyana.
3. Pamene transdutsirovanii plasmids ndi mwiniwake zidutswa lalifupi DNA.

Komanso

mabuku kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chinthu monga "transduction mbendera". Izo zikuimira HIV chizindikiro. Dongosololi chimachitika chitsanzo ena. Choyamba, nthumwi yachilendo interacts ndi lilime la ma. Kenako adamulowetsa effector molekyulu. Iwo lili Kakhungu ndipo amachititsa mapangidwe amithenga chachiwiri. m'badwo wawo umathandizira kutsegula mapulotini chandamale. Nawonso, hule intermediaries zotsatirazi.