Mawu osagwidwa ndi othandizidwa: zitsanzo

Mbali yosasinthika ya chikhalidwe, yomwe imatanthauzira tanthauzo, ndilo maziko, zimadalira kuti mawu osachokera ndi othandizira ali osiyana. Makhalidwe onse ali ndi mbali ziwiri: mwachidwi komanso mwachibadwa.

Kusiyana

Tsinde losachokera silokhazikika, chifukwa silingathe kufotokozedwa mothandizidwa ndi mawu ofanana, ndipo morphologically sizingaganizidwe. M'maonekedwe ake ali ofanana ndi muzu wa mawu. Mwachitsanzo: nkhalango --a; Chilimbikitso ; Kukoma- oh; Mitsinje- ine ndi zina zotero.

Izi zikhazikitso sizochokera. Ndipo mawu ogwiritsidwa ntchito akhoza kusiyanitsidwa molingana ndi izi: zokhudzidwa mwachidule, zomwe zikufotokozedwa ndi kusankha kwazomwe. Mapangidwe ake amagawidwa mosavuta ndi zigawo ziwiri zofanana, ndiko, maziko omwe amapanga mawu otengedwa, ndi mawu omanga mawu. Zitsanzo zidzakhala chimodzimodzi: nkhalango ; Wolimba mtima ndi munthu; Kukoma kuchokera-ku;

Mbali yoyamba ndiyo maziko

Mawu osagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mawu omwe amachokera ali olamulira a mawu opangidwira, kumene lingaliro lalikulu ndilo maziko-zofunikira kapena kupanga. Kuchokera ku maonekedwe ndi matanthawuzo, ndiko, mbali ziwiri, chichotsedwecho chimachokera, ndicho chifukwa chake chimawoneka kukhala cholimbikitsa chifukwa cha maziko. Choncho, maziko a mawu otengedwa ndi maziko a cholimbikitsa. Mwachitsanzo, m'mawu m'nkhalangoyi ndi maziko - nkhalango , koma msungwana ndiye maziko a chiganizocho cholimbikitsa. Choncho, mawu osachokera ndi othandizira amasiyana.

Mbali yoyamba ya mawonekedwe a mawu awa ndi maziko a nkhalango, ndizofunikira, monga mwa liwu lina lililonse lochokera. Icho chikhoza kukhala chosachokera, chifukwa chirichonse chimadalira kukhala ndi mphamvu yokhala munthu aliyense. Mwachitsanzo, mawu akuti Woody ndi mawu. Nthawi zonse, zonse zimasankhidwa ndi siteji ya kupanga. Izi ndizo, sitepe yoyamba ndi mawu ochokera kuchokera ku root morpheme, apa maziko ndi osachokera, ndipo zonse zotsatirazi zimapangitsa mawu ochotsera.

Zikondwerero

Maziko othandizira ndi osachokera pa mawu pazomwe amamangapo mawu amatha kuwonetsedwa ndi ndondomeko zotsatirazi:

1. Pachiyambi (I) + mawu-forming suffix (II) + kutuluka. Zitsanzo: wonyada ; Kateki -a; Mabuku -th.

2. Choyamba cholemba mawu (II) + maziko (I) + amawonekera. Zitsanzo: pakuti inde-inde; Tiwonetsani .

3. Choyamba cholemba mawu (II) + maziko oyamba (I) + mawu ofotokoza cholinganiza (II) +. Zitsanzo: zokambirana- ayi; Sungani-sk-iy.

Choncho, tingathe kupanga malemba omwe ali pamwambawa malamulo oyambirira a mawu ophunzirira mu Chirasha. Mawu ochokera ndi osachokera a mawu amasiyanitsa mosavuta.

Zofunikira Zenizeni

Lamulo loyambirira: liwu limapangidwa nthawi zonse kuchokera ku tsinde lakuya, lomwe liri m'chinenero, ndipo mawu omangirira amathandizira njirayi. Kawirikawiri, mfundo zoyambirira ndizogwiritsidwa ntchito, chifukwa zikhoza kukhala zofanana ndi mawu angapo, chifukwa kuchokera muzu umodzi timapanga angapo, ndipo nthawi zina ambiri, ena. Mwachitsanzo, kuchokera ku dzina lomwe liri ndi zilembo zamitundu yonse zomwe zimasiyana kokha m'maofesi omanga mawu: mitu - mitu- n-th- mitu -an-th; Diso - diso -th- diso - diso -ndi zina zotero.

Mawu onse ali ndi chuma chochokera ndi chosachokera, tanthawuzo la mawu limadalira pa izo. Koma maziko enieni ndi onse okhudzidwa. Ngati maziko enieniwo athandizidwa, ndiye kuti pali zovuta komanso zolakwika pakuzindikira mawu omanga mawu. Mwachitsanzo: dzina lofanana, monga talente, limachokera ku chilankhulo cha talente , osati mosiyana, monga momwe zimachitikira nthawi zonse. Dzina la luso loyamba lidayenera kupanga talente , kenako dzina latsopano lidawonekera mothandizidwa ndi mthunzi . Apo ayi, zikanakhala " talente- ", mwinamwake moipa.

Amajambulira

Lamulo lachiwiri ndiloti mawu onse omwe ali ndi tanthawuzo lomwelo la maziko adziko amapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito zofanana kapena imodzi mwa mitundu yake. Apa mfundo ya kuchepa kwachisokonezo imayambira monga maziko a machitidwe olimbikitsa a mawu ofunika ndi zomwe amachokera. Inde, chodabwitsa chotero monga polysemy ya mawu chimaphatikizapo zovuta ku mfundo iyi. Mu Chirasha, ambiri a iwo ndi polysemantic, ndipo izi zikuwonekera m'mawonekedwe a mawu.

Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamasom'pamaso a mawu omwe amachokera komanso othandizira ambiri nthawi zambiri amasiyana kwambiri. Liwu lochokera kumagulu kawiri kawiri limakhala ndi lingaliro limodzi, losiyana, lomwe liri losiyana ndi maziko. Apa ntchito yaikulu imasewera ndi maziko ochokera ndi osachokera a mawu. Zitsanzo zingapezeke paliponse. Tengani chiganizo chakale . Ali ndi matanthauzo angapo: munthu, nyama kapena chinthu chimene chafika pokalamba; Ndi chinthu chakale, chomwe chinakhalako kuyambira kale; Zakale zogwiritsidwa ntchito, zakalamba, zowonongeka ndi nthawi; Wakale; Zosayenera, zosayenera; Zakale, zosakhalitsa, zosakhalitsa ndi zambiri, zambiri. Gulu la zochokera ku mawuwa ndilochuluka ndipo likugwirizana ndi choyamba, mtengo wapachiyambi wa maziko: akale, akale, akale, akale, akale, akale, akale, ndi zina zotero. Choncho, zivomezi zimawoneka zomwe zimasintha tanthawuzo lapachiyambi.

Mawu osagwiritsidwa ntchito

Zimadziwika kuti malire pakati pa makalasi, omwe angayimire kutsutsana kwenikweni, mawu omwe amachokera, ndi omwe ali osachokera, sali okwanira mokwanira. Kufufuza kwachipatala kumapangitsa kusiyana kotero kuti mawu omwe alibe kugwirizana kwa mawu enieni m'Chisipanishi ndi a mtundu wosakhala ovomerezeka. Pali zambiri: katundu, wolemba, wokondwa, madzi, wamphamvu, kutenga, ndi zina zotero. Kuwonjezera apo, mawu osapindulitsa ayenera kukhala mawu ndi maziko a imodzi-morphic - kuphulika, kuthamanga ndi zina zotero. Komanso mu chiwerengero cha zopanda zowonjezera padzakhala mawu, kotero kunena, "atagwidwa".

Kodi kutanthauzira mawu akuti "mawu osinthika ndi osachokera" kumamveka bwino bwanji pamene mfundo yowunikila morphemes imakhala yomveka bwino. Kulowa kungakhale kolimba ndipo ayi. Kodi mawonekedwe awiri amalumikizana bwanji kukhala mawu amodzi? Gawo lake lalikulu ndi mawonekedwe omwe alipobe. Kuyeretsa ndi kuyeretsa, zofiira ndi zabwino, zowonjezera ndi zotulutsidwa ndi zitsanzo milioni. Pano pali otsiriza - ogwirizana kwambiri, ndi oyamba-omasuka.

Olemba mawu

Simungathe kusokoneza mawu omwe amachokera komanso opanga. Wofalitsa amagwira ntchito ndipo nthawi yomweyo amachokera ku icho chochokera chomwe chimabwereza zizindikiro za makolo ndi nsana yake, koma osati kwathunthu, koma momwe mwanayo amawonekera ngati mayi, bambo, kapena ngakhale msuweni: kutha kumatengedwa, ndipo nthawizina Ndipo chokwanira chimatheratu. Ntchito-nik - ntchito; Yoyamba-yshchik - pri-chain- et so on. Pano, mawu opanga pano ndi osasinthika, ndipo chiyambicho chimapezeka mwa zozizwitsa ndipo nthawi zambiri sichifanana ndi zomwe zimachitika nthawi zonse.

Pa nkhaniyi - "Mawu Otsatira ndi Osagonjetsedwa" - chidule cha phunzirolo chidzakhala chokondweretsa, popeza mapangidwe a mawu akugwirizana kwambiri ndi maonekedwe onse a umunthu. Mphunzitsi ali malo ochepa mu kusankha kwa zitsanzo, kufananitsa, mafanizo.

Kufufuza

Kuyerekezera mu kusanthula mawu ochokera ndi mawu ofanana, ndiko, kutanthauza tanthauzo ndi mawu, sangathe, ndipo izi zimachitika nthawi zambiri. Ndikovuta kwambiri kupereka yankho lathunthu ku funso la mawu omwe amatchedwa osapindulitsa. Zowonjezera zimakhala zosavuta kugwira ntchito. Mawuwa palokha ndi ochuluka kwambiri, chifukwa amadzaza chinyumba chachikulu chomangapo mawu omwe zimachokera kuzinthu zokhazo zomwe zimatikonda, koma ndi mawu ambiri osagwirizana nawo, magulu ambiri ofanana.

Mwachitsanzo, chiganizocho n'chosiyana . Apa ndizotheka kupereka mawu ofanana nawo: kulankhula, kulankhula, kulankhula, kulankhula, kulankhula, kulankhula kapena kulankhula . Ndipo apa imodzi yokha, yachiwiri, idzabala, kuchokera mwachindunji chiganizo ichi chikupangidwa. Zomaliza ziŵirizi ndizosawonetsera, sizikuthandizira kutsata njira yosankhidwa, chifukwa chiganizocho sichinapangidwe kuchokera ku verebu, koma kuchokera ku chiyankhulo choyankhula , ndiko kuti, kuchokera ku maziko ake opangira, ndi mawonekedwe akale (mawonekedwe) Kuyambira zopanda malire, zomwe zinaphatikizapo zida zina zonse monga zinthu zina. Kuchokera pano kuti munthu athe kuona zomwe maziko ochokera ndi osachokera a mawu mu mapangidwe a mawu amatanthawuza.

Ndipo komabe - tanthauzo

Mawu osasinthika angaganizidwe omwe sali opangidwira ndipo sapangidwe kuchokera ku liwu lina lokha lomwe lilipo m'chinenerocho. Ponena za mawu ochotsera - njira yonse. Awa ndi machitidwe kuchokera m'mawu omwe alipo kale m'chinenerochi, pogwiritsa ntchito mafanizo osiyanasiyana a mapangidwe a mawu. Chothandizira icho ndi ubale wa mawu awiri okha-mizu. Tanthauzo la limodzi la iwo limatsimikiziridwa kupyolera mu mtengo wa winayo ( nkhanu-crab-iq, ndiko, yaing'ono, komabe nkhwangwa), kapena kupyolera mwa chidziwitso mu zigawo zonse, kupatulapo matanthauzidwe a zilembo za gawo loyankhula ( white-bel-ling , Beige-ah-t-jogging ndi zina zotero).

Chingwe chopanga mawu ndi mawu angapo omwe ali ndi mizu imodzi, yomwe imakhudzidwa nthawi zonse. Chiyanjano choyambirira, choyamba ndi mawu osasunthika, ndiye ndi mawu atsopano, zolinga zimakula. Choncho, mawu onse ochokela ndi osalandilidwa amafotokozedwa. Zitsanzo: akale-akale-y-akale-n-y-kale-e-yy-y-old-eel-ost. Pano ma chela ali ndi zifukwa zinayi zolimbikitsa, ndipo palimodzi amapanga chisa chodziwitsa mawu omwe anapiye amakhala aakulu kwambiri. Mawu oyambirira - monga mayi wa mbalame, mtundu wa chiwongoladzanja - ndi wosasunthika. Maunyolo opanga Mawu amachokera kwa iwo, omwe ali ndi mawu oyambirira omwewo.

Morphemes

Choyamba, muyenera kufotokoza gawo lililonse la kapangidwe kawo. Mbali ya mawu, pamene tanthawuzo lake lachilembo likufotokozedwa, limatchedwa maziko. Kuwombera ndi kutha kwa nthawizonse komwe kumasonyeza ubale wa mawu awa kwa ena. Muzu ndi gawo la mawu omwe amapezeka kwa achibale onse. Kujambulira (kapena kupanga) ndi morphemes yomwe imayanjana ndi mizu ndikupanga mapangidwe atsopano.

Malembo amakono a Chirasha amapangidwira m'njira zosiyanasiyana - onse a morphological and non-morphological. Choyamba pa zonse - chitsanzo mwa kuphatikiza kwa morphemes pakupanga mawu.

Njira zopangidwira mawu

Makhalidwe abwino a mawonekedwe a mawu ndi ochuluka kwambiri.

1. Kuwonjezereka kwa maziko, ndiko kuti mapangidwe a mawu ovuta komanso ovuta (kugwedeza nthaka, chivomezi, kupweteka kwa nthunzi ndi ray-com, opanda ufulu, Sberbank ).

2. Kawirikawiri ntchito yopanda fakisi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri imangogwiritsira ntchito mayina okhaokha, pamapeto pake mawu amodzimodzi amatha kusintha kumapeto ndi nkhawa, ndipo tsinde silikhala losasintha.

3. Kugwiritsira ntchito - kopindulitsa kwambiri, pamene morphemes amawonjezeredwa muzu, kupanga mawonekedwe awiri ndi ma grammatical.

4. Mafupa - amawonjezeka pa maziko a chokwanira.

5. Choyamba - yonjezerani chifanizo.

6. Choyamba-choyipa-mwachoncho, zonsezi ziwonjezeredwa.

7. Postfix - yowonjezera mapeto.

Pali njira zitatu zokha zosagwirizana ndi maonekedwe a mawu: lexico-semantic (mawu omwe ali ndi tanthawuzo latsopano), lexico-syntactic (mawu oyambirira a mtundu wa c-maganizo-atsika ) ndi morphological-syntactic, pamene mawu amakhala mbali zina za kulankhula. Podziwa malamulo awa a mapangidwe a mawu, munthu akhoza kale kuyankha mawu omwe amachokera, ndipo omwe sabala zipatso.