Kutenga Plevna Russian asilikali: kufotokoza, mbiri ndi chidwi mfundo

The adani a Plevna asilikali a Alexander II anatembenuka mafunde a nkhondo Ottoman. Long kuzinga ankanena miyoyo ya asilikali ambiri mbali zonse. Kupambana kumeneku analola asilikali Russian kutsegula njira Constantinople ndi kumasula Balkans m'goli Turkey. Ntchito kutenga linga anakhala mbiri nkhondo monga mmodzi wa opambana kwambiri. Zotsatira za msonkhano kuti muyaya anasintha zinthu geopolitical ku Ulaya ndi Middle East.

prerequisites

Mpaka m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, Ottoman Ufumu ankalamulira zambiri Balkans ndi Bulgaria. Turkey kuponderezana chimafikira lonse South Asilavo anthu. The Russian Ufumu nthawi zonse wachita ntchito ya mtetezi wa Asilavo ndi mfundo yachilendo makamaka lolunjika pa kumasulidwa kwawo. Komabe, kumapeto kwa nkhondo yapita, Russia wataya zombo mu Nyanja Black ndi madera angapo kum'mwera. Komanso anasaina mapangano a mgwirizano wa Ottoman ndi Great Britain. Pa nkhani ya malonda Russian nkhondo, British anali kulamulidwa kupereka thandizo la asilikali ku Turkey. Zimenezi precluded kuthekera athamangitsidwe wa Ottoman ku Europe. Nafenso Turkey analonjeza kulemekeza ufulu wa Akhristu ndi kuwazunza pa malo achipembedzo.

kupondereza Asilavo

Komabe, zaka 60 za m'ma 19 zinali zodzaza ndi chizunzo latsopano la Akhristu. Asilamu anali ndi udindo waukulu pamaso pa lamulo. Pabwaloli voti Mkhristu ndi Asilamu analibe kulemera. Komanso, ambiri a boma udindo pansi kulamulidwa ndi Turkey. Kukwiya ndi imeneyi kwachititsa zionetsero misa ku Bulgaria ndi mayiko Balkan. M'chaka cha 1975 akuyamba zipolowe ku Bosnia. Chaka chotsatira, mu April, kupanduka otchuka kuphimba Bulgaria. Pomaliza, Turkey mwankhaza anapondereza kugalukira, kupha zikwizikwi anthu. Chotero nkhanza ndi Akhristu anachititsa kusakhutira mu Europe.

Pansi kuyendera maganizo onse United Kingdom akukana malamulo ovomereza-Turkey. Iwo unties manja a Russian Ufumu, amene akukonzekera ntchito yapadera yothetsa a Ottoman.

Inayamba nkhondo

April anayamba akhumi Chirasha Turkey nkhondo. Kutenga Plevna kwenikweni pasanathe miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Koma izi zisanachitike izi zimayenera kupita kutali. Monga pakati pa likulu Russian asilikali anali kuukira kwa mbali ziwiri. Gulu loyamba ipyole pa gawo Romania mu Balkans, ndi zina kugunda Caucasus. Pa onse amadzibisa awa anali mavuto akuluakulu. Balkan manambala kusokoneza mofulumira kugunda Caucasus, ndi "quadrilateral" ya m'malinga - kuchokera Romania. Komanso zinali zovuta ndi phukusi zotheka ya United Kingdom. Ngakhale kuti boma, British akadali anapitiriza kuthandiza Turkey. Choncho, kunali koyenera kuti apambane nkhondo mwamsanga, kwa Ottoman capitulated isanafike reinforcements.

isanayambike mofulumira

Kutenga Plevna wochitidwa ndi asilikali molamulidwa ndi General Skobelev. Mu July oyambirira, Russian anawoloka Danube ndipo anapita kwa msewu wopita ku Sofia. Ntchito imeneyi limodzi ndi Romania asilikali. Poyamba, Turkey anali kupita kupeza ogwirizana pa magombe a Danube. Komabe, pasadakhale mofulumira amakakamizidwa Osman Pasha kuti abwerere kwa mpanda wolimba kwambiri. Makamaka adani loyamba Plevna anali June 26. Osankhika kumuwombera pansi pa lamulo Ivana Gurko analowa mumzindawo. Komabe, magawano anali m'gululi makumi asanu okha. Pafupifupi imodzi ndi Cossacks Russian mu mzinda m'gulu battalions atatu a Turkey, amene anachotsedwa iwo.

Pozindikira kuti kutenga Plevna Russian kupereka zonse njira ntchito, Osman Pasha wasankha kutenga mzinda isanafike mphamvu zazikulu. Panthawi imeneyi asilikali ake anali m'tauni ya Vidin. Kuyambira pamenepo, Turkey anali patsogolo pamodzi Danube kuteteza Russian mtanda. Komabe, kuopsa lazungulira amakakamizidwa Asilamu kusiya dongosolo pachiyambi. Pa July 19, battalions loyamba ntchitoyi kuchokera Vidin. Kwa masiku asanu anali makilomita oposa mazana awiri kuchokera zida zankhondo, ndi katundu, katundu ndi zina zotero. M'bandakucha pa July 7 Turkey analowa mu mpanda.

Pa Russian mwayi woti kutenga mzinda pamaso Osman Pasha. Komabe, chosasamala ankaimba ena a asilikali. Chifukwa kupanda nzeru nkhondo, Russian sanamuzindikire nthawi ya Turkey AMABWERA mzinda. Chifukwa, kumka kwa mpanda wolimba wa Plevna Turkey zapita popanda nkhondo. Russian General Yuri Schilder-Shuldner mochedwa basi tsiku. Koma nthawi iyi Turkey kale kukumba ndi kutenga mbali kumbuyo. Pambuyo likulu kuganizira wasankha kukathyola mpanda wolimba.

Ulendo woyamba kuukira

asilikali Russian anayenda mzinda kuchokera mbali ziwiri. General Schilder-Shuldern sanadziwe za chiwerengero cha Turkey mu mzinda. Anayamba kuyenda Danga lakumanja la asilikali, pamene lamanzere anali pa mtunda wa makilomita anayi. Monga poyamba linapangidwa makoma awiri nthawi imodzi kulowa mu mzinda. Komabe, chifukwa molakwa anakonza makadi iwo basi anakula padera. Mozungulira wani koloko ndime zazikulu anabwera m'tauni. Mwadzidzidzi, zinaukilidwa Turkey mayunitsi pasadakhale kuti anatenga Plevna basi maola ochepa patsogolo. nkhondo A itayamba, zomwe wakula mu zida zankhondo duel.

Schilder-Shuldner ndinalibe lingaliro zokhudza zimene ndime kumanzere Choncho, adalamula kuti achoke malo shelled ndipo anamanga msasa. The kumanzere molamulidwa ndi Kleyngauza m'mudzi ku Grivitsa. Iwo anatumizidwira nzeru Cossack. asilikali mazana awiri anali patsogolo m'mphepete mwa mtsinje wa cholinga cha kufufuza m'midzi yapafupi ndi mpanda wolimba yokha. Komabe, pamene anamva phokoso la nkhondo, iwo anabwerera wawo.

zolawula

Usiku July 8, anaganiza kuukira. Grivitsa pa gawo anabwera ndime kumanzere. Mkuluyu ndi ambiri a anthu anapita kumpoto. Zinthu zazikulu za Osman Pasha anali pafupi ndi Opanets m'mudzimo. Against iwo kutsogolo makilomita atatu anapita za zikwi zisanu ndi zitatu Russian. Chifukwa otsika ndi Schilder-Shuldner anataya luso lake akamagwiritsa. asilikali ake anali kupita ku kuliukira. Faifi koloko m'mawa anayamba kukonzekera zida zankhondo. Vanguard anapezerapo kuukira Russian Bukovlek ndi maola awiri kugonja Turkey. Msewu wopita Pleven linatsegulidwa. Arkhangelogorodskaya Regiment anapita batire chachikulu cha mdani. asilikali anawomberedwa pa mtunda ku malo a zida zankhondo za Ottoman. Osman Pasha ankadziwa kuti ukulu n'zosangalatsa kumva mbali yake ndipo analamula kuti counterattack. Wapanikizidwa Turkey regiments awiri anasamukira ku chigwa a. General ali anapempha thandizo la ndime kumanzere, koma mdani akubwera mothamanga. Choncho Schilder-Shuldner analamula mthunzi.

Kumenya pambali zina

Pa nthawi yomweyo Kridener patsogolo kwa Grivitsa. Pa sikisi koloko m'mawa (pamene magulu waukulu kale anayamba zida zankhondo yokonza) Caucasus Corps anakantha pambali lamanja la chitetezo Turkey. Pambuyo silingaimitsidwe alimbane wa Ottoman Cossacks mantha anayamba kuthawa kwa mpanda wolimba kwambiri. Komabe, nthawi ya naimirira mu Grivitsa Schilder-Shuldner kale anali kuloŵa. Choncho, Danga lakumanzere anali kupatuka pa udindo pachiyambi. Kutenga Plevna asilikali Russian anaimitsidwa ndi zomvetsa katundu cha mtsogolo. Makamaka anakhudzidwa ndi kupanda nzeru ndi njira zosamveka General.

Kukonzekera kwa amanyansidwa latsopano

Pambuyo anamenya zinalephereka anayamba kukonzekera vuto latsopano. asilikali Russian alandira reinforcements ndithu. Phindu apakavalo ndi zida zankhondo mayunitsi. mzindawo unali utazingidwa. Iwo anayamba anaziika misewu yonse, makamaka atsogoleri Lovcen. Kwa masiku angapo ankachititsa reconnaissance mu mphamvu. Zonse nzeru moto linamveka masana ndi usiku. Komabe, sikunali kotheka kudziwa chiwerengero cha asilikali Ottoman mu mzinda.

Kuukira latsopano

Pokonzekera kuukira Russian, Turkey mwamsangamsanga tinakonza malinga. Yomanga zinachitika mu zikhalidwe za kusowa zipangizo ndi bombardments zonse. July chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu anayamba kumenya wina. Kutenga Plevna Russian sakatha nkhondo. Choncho, Osman Pasha analamula anthu ake kumenya nkhondo mpaka imfa. kumuukira anali yoyamba zida zankhondo kukonzekera yaitali. asilikali anathamangira mu nkhondo pa flanks awiri. Asilikali molamulidwa ndi Kridener anakwanitsa analanda mzere woyamba wa chitetezo. Komabe, pafupi redoubt iwo anali anakumana ndi yosatheka mfuti moto. Pambuyo kusiyana wamagazi Russian anali zosuntha. Skobelev anaukira pambali yakumanzere. asilikali ake analephera kuswa kupyola mzere motetezera Turkey. Nkhondoyi inatenga tsiku lonse. Pofika madzulo, Turkey linakhazikitsa counteroffensive ndipo anathamangitsa asilikali Krindera kuchokera kunkhondo awo. Russian anayenera abwerere kachiwiri. Pambuyo kugonjetsedwa ichi, boma anapempha thandizo kwa Romanians.

anatseka misewu

Pambuyo pa kubwera kwa Romania asilikali anatseka misewu ndi adani a Plevna anakhala mosalephera. Choncho, Osman Pasha anaganiza kuti athyole a linga anazinga. Makumi woyamba August asilikali ake anapanga zosangalatsa. Pambuyo pake, mphamvu yaikulu kunja kwa mzinda ndipo anagunda outposts yapafupi. Patapita nthawi pang'ono nkhondo, adakhoza kulikankhira Russian, ndipo ngakhale analanda batire umodzi. Komabe, reinforcements anaonekera mu nthawi posachedwapa. Melee sikunathe. Turkey anathyola nathawa ku mzinda, kusiya nkhondo pafupifupi mazana khumi ndi asanu a asilikali awo.

Kwa kuzinga wathunthu kunali koyenera mumpanda Lovcen. Ndi kupyolera Turkey iye anapatsidwa reinforcements ndi zinthu zina. mzinda kunkakhala asilikali Turkey ndi wothandiza mayunitsi bashi-bazouks. Iwo amachita ntchito kwambiri ndi ntchito Chilango ndi anthu wamba, koma mwamsanga anasiya malo pa zodzakumana ndi asilikali zonse. Choncho, pa August 22, Russian anaukira kumudzi, Turkey anathawa popanda kukana kwambiri. Pambuyo pa adani a mzinda anayamba kuzinga ndi adani a Plevna anali kokha nkhani ya nthawi. Kuti reinforcements Russian anafika. Nkhokwe analandira ndi Osman Pasha.

The adani a linga la Pleven: December 10, 1877

Pambuyo bwalo mzinda wonse Turkey anali kwathunthu asakhalenso mu dziko kunja. Osman Pasha anakana ndikupereka ndipo anapitiriza kulimbitsa mpanda wolimba. Pa mfundo imeneyi mzinda wothawirako 50,000 Turkey ndi asilikali 120 zikwi Russian ndi Romania. Kuzungulira mzinda linamangidwa kuzinga malinga. Nthawi Plevna zida zankhondo shelling. Turkey anatsirizira chakudya zipolopolo. asilikali ankadwala matenda ndi njala.

Osman Pasha anaganiza zichoke azingidwa, podziwa kuti adani amatipeza chayandikira cha Plevna. Yojambula tsiku chinali December 10. M'mawa asilikali Turkey anakhazikitsa n'kuikapo forts ndi adalikung'ambika kunja kwa mzinda. Koma ulendo wawo kukhala Little Russian ndi Siberia alumali. Koma Ottoman anabwera ndi katundu kubedwa ndi katundu lalikulu. Kumene, ndizovuta maneuverability. Pambuyo pa nkhondoyi, malo yojambula ndi anatumizidwa reinforcements. Choyamba, Turkey anatha kutaya patsogolo detachments, koma pambuyo kuukira pambali anayamba abwerere kwa m'zigwa ndi. Pambuyo kulolerana mu zida zankhondo nkhondo Turkey anathamanga erratically, ndipo kenako anagonja.

Atapambana nkhondoyo, General Skobelev analamula kuti asamakondwerere December 10 monga tsiku la History usilikali. Kulemba Plevna ku Bulgaria ndi nthawi yathu. Chifukwa cha kupambana kwake, Akristu anamuchotsa kuponderezana Muslim.