Kahal - ndi chiyani ichi? Tanthauzo, ofanana,

M'chilankhulo ano si Nthawi zina mawu mawonekedwe Kahal. Ichi ndi chimene chikuchititsa mawu, n'zochititsa chidwi kudziwa? Koposa zachilendo liwu limeneli imapezeka mophiphiritsa. A zinenero kubwera Kahal mu chinenero chamakono Russian, zikutanthauza chiyani?

Kahal - ndi Mawu achiheberi wakale kutanthauza kusonkhana, ndi kusonkhana kwa anthu. Mawonekedwe mowiriza wa bungwe chikhalidwe zinachitika pambuyo chiwonongeko cha dziko la Ayuda. Ntchito yaikulu ya Kahal ndi pokambiranapo pakati pa boma ndi dera Ayuda.

zikamera

zosiyanasiyana mabungwe achiyuda kuyambira Kale, koma mawonekedwe yonse ya Kahal Ayuda tingaphunzire mu Poland. Iwo unali pakati pa zaka za m'ma 16. Izo ndiye inkayenda kumvetsa zimene Kahal. The tanthauzo la mawu amenewa akhoza kupereka mawu "pokambiranapo". Nthawi zoterozo bungwe yoyenda yokha Kodi zotsatira za nyumba osiyana Ayuda limati zosiyanasiyana ndi ubwenzi wapadera ndi ambuye ang'onoang'ono.

kutanthauza kahal

Kahal - m'dera olumikizana pa maziko a dziko. Mankhwala enieni kwa Ayuda ku mitundu ina anawatsogolera apeze pamaso pa anthu ankhanza. Choncho Myuda anakhalabe ndi makina boma yekha - anatumikira gawo lotetezedwa kahal therebetween. Izi amachepetsa imabwera kuchititsa kumawononga thupi kapena zinthu zina, yafupika mosavuta nkhanza zina zotero. kagals zonse kwa theka lachiwiri la khumi ndi chinayi atumwi, muli kudziyimira pawokha komanso anali "boma mkati boma."

Ayuda anali kosamugonjera makonsolo - ankakonda kupita akuluakulu. atumiki a mfumu - pafupifupi udindo chaperekedwa m'mayiko onse European Ayuda. ntchito za atumiki awa anali Lamulo lachifumu malamulo wapadera - "Mwayi", akubwera Kahal. Zimenezi zinachitikadi mwachindunji, anyalanyaza makonsolo. Kagals okhala kudziyimira pawokha mokwanira chuma, milandu, utsogoleri, maphunziro ndi zipembedzo dera.

Ntchito Financial kahal

The ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya Ayuda onse a Kahal, - ndi ntchito kupereka msonkho kwa thumba. Kuti tichite zimenezi, ndalama anasonkhana kuchokera kwa anthu ammudzi, ndiyeno zonse zidalembedwa chuma cha boma. Komanso, Kagan ankatsutsana ndalama zapadera umalimbana ndi kuthandiza akazi ndi ana amasiye, maphunziro osauka, thandizo la osauka. Gawo la ndalama pamodzi ndi thumba lapadera anali chiphuphu ndi akuluakulu ziphuphu. Kapitawo mu kagalom akhoza kusonkhanitsa ndalama zambiri, amene anali wamng'ono kwa chithandizo kahal Ayuda.

ntchito milandu

Full kudziyimira pawokha analola Ayuda okha kuweruza ndi kukhazikitsa mlandu kapena wosachimwa ndi mfiti. Iye anaweruza Ayuda kagalom Dayan - membala wa bungwe Lalikulu la Kahal, ndi oweruza ufulu boma. Pa chigamulo chake pa mlandu ziletso chilango. Chifukwa cha zolakwa zazing'ono chilango ndi yabwino ya ndalama zochepa. Kwa chilango kwambiri infraction Adali Anyonga: ogwirika chilango, anamuponya kunja kwa anthu ammudzi, ndi m'madera ena, zochita zili kudzapereka anadzudzula. The ntchito zotuluka bungwe la Kahal anali ndi mphamvu kuchita chitetezo, ngati makhoti onse a wozengedwa anali Myuda.

mphamvu zaboma

Kahal - ndi yosadziwika Kupititsa wagawo, amene zimalunzanitsa pamodzi Ayuda chigawo chimodzi. ubale anali wofunikila kutolera misonkho boma pa mfundo za udindo losonkhanitsidwa. Ayuda onse ayenera kupatsidwa malo enieni okhala. kusamutsidwa awo ankalamulira kugwirizana kagalom osiyana. M'madera ena ndi midzi yaikulu Ayuda anamwazikana zinali zovuta kulamulira otaya ndalama mu Kahal. Anaganiza kulenga kwambiri zabwino-grained - podkagalkov amene anachita ntchito kahal mu dera ndi kulola kuti mwachindunji.

Waad

m'mayiko amene kagalom anali ochuluka kwambiri, anapanga mtundu wa superstructure pa kagalom - anawatcha Vaad. Ndi mawu achiheberi amene anawamasulira kuti "Committee".

Amadziwika kuti Vaad zinthu pa dera la Lithuania ndi Poland ndi kucheza mwachindunji ndi boma. Choncho, Seimas; kuikidwa kuchuluka kuti Ayuda anakakamizika kulipira chaka, ndi Vaad anatumiza amithenga pa dziko lonse, amene wapeza solvency wa Kagan ndipo malinga kuwunika anatsimikiza kuchuluka ndalama anayambitsa kagalom. Ngati m'dera sanali akanatha madera si olemera, ndipo Kahal zilipo kulipira ndalama chofunika, chifukwa izo zinabweretsa kakobiri kwambiri. yogawa Zimenezi zinathandiza Ayuda moyo sizili - chifukwa aliyense wa iwo anamva thandizo ammudzi.

ntchito yophunzitsa ndi achipembedzo

chipembedzo chachiyuda Kagan kutha ntchito yokonza nyumba zachipembedzo, miyambo ya chipembedzo, ukwati ndiponso maliro, yokonza miyambo yakale ndi zina. The kusunga miyambo ndi malamulo anatsatira Arabi. Pa kuchenjera kwa akulu m'madera kupereka chakudya woyeretsedwa, munali zipatala, ana amasiye ndi nyumba. Ntchito yaikulu yophunzitsa anali: maphunziro a ana ndi achinyamata Malamulo ndiponso miyambo yakale, ndi ochititsa sukulu zasekondale achipembedzo.

Internal dongosolo kahal

Chiwerengero cha mamembala a gulu la anthu achiyuda a anthu 30-40. Kapitawo Kagan - kawirikawiri otetezedwa kwambiri ndi kulemekezedwa wa gulu la anthu, kutsogozedwa ndi anthu wamba wa Board Kagan ndi ankaimira dera Ayuda mabwalo apamwamba. kasamalidwe Senior inkakhala atsogoleri zisanu kapena zisanu ndi chimodzi (roshey) - mamembala exchangeable ndi atatu okhazikika anthu aulemu - anaitanidwa Tuva. Roshi alternately analamulira kagalom, agwilitse malo msungichuma kapena anga (Parnassus).

Misonkhano Kagan panatseguka - iwo nawo gulu mamembala osati oimira komanso osankhidwa a m'deralo. mamembala otero osankhidwa sankaloledwa kuvota, koma chifukwa cha uphungu wawo Kagan. Kusankhanso kwa gulu ndi anthu amene anali ndi udindo ntchito iliyonse m'dera - mwachitsanzo, pakuti chikondano kapena moyo pogona, kusukulu, kapena almshouse.

Sunset Ayuda Control

The kuwonongeka kwa zinthu chonse chuma chimasonyeza Kahal magwiridwe. Pang'onopang'ono, utsogoleriwa mmudzi shorted mphamvu za iye yekha. The zachuma ndi anagawira omangidwa - kwambiri misonkho lolipiridwa mamembala wamba a m'deralo. Ankadandaula anthu olemera a m'midzi ndi m'matawuni ang'onoang'ono - kuti iwo chikangoperekedwa ndi katundu wolemetsa "Ayuda" kupala thandizo kuchokera Kagan Sichinatsitsidwe kunapezeka. Long kotero sindikanakhoza kumapitirirabe, ndi Kahal anayamba udzangotha - Ayuda ankakonda kupereka msonkho payekha, popanda kuwona aliyense wa Kahal chitetezo kapena zothandizira mipingo yawo.

XIX - XX atumwi

Mu XIX atumwi mu Russian Ufumu anatenga nambala ya kusintha umalimbana kulolerana chikhalidwe cha Ayuda dziko. Choncho kwambiri kusintha ntchito imene amachita Kahal. luso Izi m'njira zambiri ankaona dera Ayuda, koma zinali zosatheka kuchita chilichonse - Kahal ntchito pang'onopang'ono kugwiridwa ndi boma. Motero, lamulo la 1804 Ayuda onse ankafunika kukauza mabuku mzindawo - kotero onani kayendedwe ndi ntchito za Ayuda anasamukira ku maulamuliro mzinda. Mu 1827, mwa kundipatsako kwa kulemba anthu usilikali nkhondo anauzidwa kuti kagals, ndi 1835 kagals akhala yokhala sizichitika. achire amenewa makamaka analandiridwa ndi Ayuda wamba: Mabuku msonkho anali osasamala, ndi kwakuti ziphuphu kunali kwakukulu moti zinapangitsa chochititsa manyazi ndi chopusa misa m'deralo. Lamulo anapangidwa zinthu oletsa amalowerera msonkho watsopano anthu Chiyuda, choletsedwa kuwaweruza kapena chilango - milandu ntchito anatitumiza akuluakulu kuboma. Pakuti kagalom anali maphunziro ndi chipembedzo chokhacho ntchito, kuzipatsa kuchita miyambo ndi ana awo mogwirizana ndi chikhulupiriro chawo. Iwo anapatsidwa m'misasa umoyo ndi zipatala osauka.

Monga kagals ngati analipo kale ndi February 1917. Pambuyo lamulo wapadera Ayuda anali wofanana ndi ena okhala a boma analandira ufulu ndi udindo womwewo.

Tanthauzo ano mawu

Pakali pano, lingaliro ili pafupifupi konse ntchito m'lingaliro lenileni. Koma kulankhula mophiphiritsa akadali ntchito mawu akuti "Kahal". Mau ofanana mawu - phokoso, phokoso kulankhula kwambiri za anthu, phokoso, chisokonezo, etc.